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Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometric Research.

Neurophysiological and behavioral measures were obtained from 32 senescent (28--34 mo) and 32 mature adult (10--16 mo) rats. Extracellularly recorded synaptic responses were obtained from electrodes chronically implanted in the fascia dentata and perforant path. The rats were first tested on a circular platform, which favored the use of spatial cues for its solution, and the senescent rats were shown to exhibit poorer memory for the rewarded place. When granule cell synaptic responses were recorded after a single session of very brief high-frequency stimulation, the amount of elevation and time course of decline were equivalent between age groups. Af ter three repetitions, however, the young rats maintained the increased synaptic strength for at least 14 days, whereas the old rats declined after the first session. The amount of synaptic enhancement was statistically correlated with the ability to perform the circular platform task both within and between groups. Furthermore, the aftereffects of the high-frequency stimulation selectively impaired the old rats' spontaneous alternation behavior on a T-maze. Certain other neurophysiological and electroencephalographic measures did not distinguish between age groups. The results are discussed in terms of the synaptic theory of memory formation and of their relevance to the aging process.

Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of an irrelevant directional cue on human information processing. A fundamental concern in cognitive psychology and in human factors engineering is to understand the factors that affect the speed of translating information from a display into an appropriate control action. A series of related experiments demonstrate that the location of a stimulus provides an irrelevant directional cue that affects the time required to process the meaning of the stimulus. The reaction time data have revealed that the effect was not because of any simple isomorphic association between ear stimulated and ipsilateral hand. The same command ear stimulated interaction has also occurred for movement time. It is found that movements to the right are faster when the right command is heard in the right ear than when it is heard in the left ear, and, similarly, movements to the left are faster when the left command is heard in the left ear than when it is heard in the right ear. The Simon effect with visual displays is also elaborated in the chapter.

The Effects of an Irrelevant Directional CUE on Human Information Processing

https://www.biac.duke.edu/library/papers/2002_NeurosciBiobehavRev_Dolcos.pdf

Hemispheric asymmetry and aging: right hemisphere decline or asymmetry reduction.

Voluntary wheel running: a review and novel interpretation ☆

Hormones, Aging and Behavior in Infrahuman Mammals

Mice selected genetically for high and low blood pressure (BP) were compared with regard to heart weight and heart/body ratios. Two experiments were performed with mice ranging in age from 1.3 to 9 months and 11 to 23 months respectively. In a third experiment C57BL/6J mice were compared to the high and low BP mice. Heart/body ratios and heart weights, adjusted for body weight via covariance analysis, were significantly greater for the high BP mice, but no Age x BP Genotype interaction was observed. Results were discussed in terms of a possible relationship between heart weight and BP via genetic linkage or pleiotropy. The possibility was also raised that compensatory mechanisms for high blood pressure, e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, may operate very early in development for animals who are hypertensive by virtue of selective breeding for blood pressure extremes.

“Spontaneously” hypertensive mice: A potential genetic model for the study of the relationship between heart size and blood pressure

Recombinant inbred strains, their progenitor strains, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were tested for maze learning in the Lashley III maze and in the Y-water maze. The resulting pattern of strain distribution suggested that the genetic model provided by the RI strains is based on at least two, and possibly many more, loci. There was no evidence of maternal effects or heterosis. Although the BALB/cBy strain represented an extremely high scoring strain for the Lashley maze and a low scoring strain for the Y-maze, presence of albino recombinant inbred strains intermediate to extreme strains and nonsignificantly different from pigmented recombinant inbred strains suggested that the albino gene was not responsible for the observed performance differences.

Maze learning: a genetic investigation in the mouse.

Three age groups of DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice (5, 10, and 16 mo.) were given reversal learning trials in a spatial water maze with water temperatures (incentive conditions) of 12, 22, 34, and 45°C. ...

Separating measures of learning and incentive in water maze experiments with aging inbred strains of mice

Recent advances in computer technology, the development of a variety of computer programs for multivariate data analyses, and new applications for multivariate analyses of variance place useful tools for the organization and analysis of research data at the disposal of the investigator who is concerned with psychophar-macogenetics and the nature of the relationship(s) between drugs, behavior and genotype. Unfortunately, many investigators have not taken advantage of multivariate approaches to data analysis. Reluctance of researchers in experimental psychology and psychopharmacogenetics to utilize these relatively new statistical tools is related to the fact that early descriptions were highly technical and thus difficult for the nonstatistician to readily comprehend. Moreover, the extensive statistical computations necessary to analyze data with multivariate techniques either precluded their application or made it exceedingly time consuming and tedious.

Potential Applications of Multivariate Analysis of Variance to Psychopharmacogenetic Research

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