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Feature-Oriented Software Product Lines

Preprocessors with conditionals are often used as software configuration management tools, with preprocessor variables naming configuration aspects. The preprocessor conditionals found in large systems often have complex enabling Boolean equations and nesting. Over long periods, some configuration aspects lose all utility. Removal of all traces of a configuration variable and code dependent on that aspect becomes a significant task if performed manually. An industrial-strength transformation system can remove such configuration aspects in a much shorter period of time, by symbolically simplifying away the configuration aspect. The paper sketches the problem and the required transforms, and discusses a case study involving over a million lines of source code.

/pdf/preprocessor-conditional-removal-by-simple-partial-1wfgenrkzx.pdf

Preprocessor conditional removal by simple partial evaluation

Software-product-line engineering aims at the development of variable and reusable software systems. In practice, software product lines are often implemented with preprocessors. Preprocessor directives are easy to use, and many mature tools are available for practitioners. However, preprocessor directives have been heavily criticized in academia and even referred to as "#ifdef hell", because they introduce threats to program comprehension and correctness. There are many voices that suggest to use other implementation techniques instead, but these voices ignore the fact that a transition from preprocessors to other languages and tools is tedious, erroneous, and expensive in practice. Instead, we and others propose to increase the readability of preprocessor directives by using background colors to highlight source code annotated with ifdef directives. In three controlled experiments with over 70 subjects in total, we evaluate whether and how background colors improve program comprehension in preprocessor-based implementations. Our results demonstrate that background colors have the potential to improve program comprehension, independently of size and programming language of the underlying product. Additionally, we found that subjects generally favor background colors. We integrate these and other findings in a tool called FeatureCommander, which facilitates program comprehension in practice and which can serve as a basis for further research.

/pdf/do-background-colors-improve-program-comprehension-in-the-2l0ya9lvx8.pdf

Do background colors improve program comprehension in the #ifdef hell?

Abstract Conditional compilation with preprocessors like cpp is a simple but effective means to implement variability. By annotating code fragments with #ifdef and #endif directives, different program variants with or without these fragments can be created, which can be used (among others) to implement software product lines. Although, preprocessors are frequently used in practice, they are often criticized for their negative effect on code quality and maintainability. We show how simple tool support — views, visualizations, disciplined annotations, and variability-aware type systems — can address these problems and emulate some benefits of modularized implementations. Instead of separating source code into files, we pursue a “virtual separation of concerns”. Zusammenfassung Bedingte Kompilierung ist ein einfaches und häufig benutztes Mittel zur Implementierung von Variabilität in Softwareproduktlinien, welches aber aufgrund negativer Auswirkungen auf Codequalität und Wartbarkeit stark kritisiert wird. Wir zeigen wie Werkzeugunterstützung — Sichten, Visualisierung, kontrollierte Annotationen, Produktlinien-Typsystem — die wesentlichen Probleme beheben kann und viele Vorteile einer modularen Entwicklung emuliert. Wir bieten damit eine Alternative zur klassischen Trennung von Belangen mittels Modulen. Statt Quelltext notwendigerweise in Dateien zu separieren, erzielen wir eine “virtuelle Trennung von Belangen” durch entsprechende Werkzeugunterstüzung.

Virtual Separation of Concerns: Toward Preprocessors 2.0

The C Preprocessor (CPP) is the tool of choice for the implementation of variability in many large-scale configurable software projects. Linux, probably the most-configurable piece of software ever, employs more than 10,000 preprocessor variables for this purpose. However, this de-facto variability tends to be "hidden in the code"; which on the long term leads to variability defects, such as dead code or inconsistencies with respect to the intended (modeled) variability of the software. This calls for tool support for the efficient extraction of (and reasoning over) CPP-based variability.We suggest a novel approach to extract CPP-based variability. Our tool transforms CPP-based variability in O(n) complexity into a propositional formula that "mimics" all valid effects of conditional compilation and can be analyzed with standard SAT or BDD packages.Our evaluation results demonstrate the scalability and practicability of the approach. A dead-block-analysis on the complete Linux source tree takes less than 30 minutes; we thereby have revealed 60 dead blocks, 2 of which meanwhile have been confirmed as new (and long-lasting) bugs; the rest is still under investigation.

/pdf/efficient-extraction-and-analysis-of-preprocessor-based-2zqwv32inx.pdf

Efficient extraction and analysis of preprocessor-based variability

Conditional compilation is one of the most powerful parts of a C/C++ environment available for building software for different platforms with different feature sets. Although conditional compilation is powerful, it can be difficult to understand and is error-prone. In large software systems, file inclusion, conditional compilation and macro substitution are closely related and are often largely interleaved. Without adequate tools, understanding complex header files is a tedious task. This practice may even be complicated as the hierarchies of header files grow with projects. This paper presents our experiences of studying conditional compilation based on the symbolic execution of preprocessing directives. Our two concrete goals are: for any given preprocessor directive or C/C++ source code line, finding the simplest sufficient condition to reach/compile it, and finding the full condition to reach/compile that code line. Two different strategies were used to achieve these two goals. A series of experiments conducted on the Linux kernel are presented.

C/C++ conditional compilation analysis using symbolic execution

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C/C++ conditional compilation analysis using symbolic execution