The fabrication of miniaturized electrochemical energy storage systems is essential for the development of future electronic devices for Internet of Things applications where connected devices are increasingly deployed in our daily life. On chip micro-supercapacitors are an attractive solution to fulfill the energy requirements of autonomous, smart, maintenance free and miniaturized sensors but they suffer from a limited energy density and poor technological readiness level in spite of high power capabilities and long cycle life. This paper aims at reviewing the current micro-supercapacitor technologies and at defining the guidelines to produce high performance micro-devices with special focus on 3D designs as well as the fabrication of solid state miniaturized devices to solve the packaging issue.

Challenges and prospects of 3D micro-supercapacitors for powering the internet of things

: The fabrication of a silicon carbide (SiC) junction field effect transistor (J-FET) was shown practicable. Several amplifier designs were breadboarded with silicon devices to study the required parameters. A simplified building block amplifier was constructed and tested. (Author)

High Temperature Electronics.

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Managing Temperature Effects In Nanoscale Adaptive Systems

Solid‐state supercapacitors (SSCs) hold great promise for next‐generation energy storage applications, particularly portable and wearable electronics, implementable medical devices, the Internet of Things (IoT), and smart textiles. This review is intended to present the broad picture of SSC technology by covering various kinds of all‐solid‐state and flexible solid‐state supercapacitors. The review begins with introducing a brief history of the development of supercapacitors and then discusses the fundamentals, charge storage mechanisms, and the performance evaluation methods of SSCs. The next chapter provides an overview of the solid‐state electrolytes, notably solid polymer electrolytes, inorganic electrolytes, and redox‐active solid electrolytes. In this study, a particular focus is given to the electrode fabrication methods and some emerging electrode materials, such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), metal nitrides (MNs), MXenes, polyoxometalates (POMs), and black phosphorus (BP). Subsequently, the performance of SSCs with different configurations based on the cell design (ie, symmetric, asymmetric) and the electrode type (ie, freestanding, fiber, interdigitated, flexible) is discussed. This review also presents a comprehensive summary of the latest innovations and state‐of‐the‐art applications of SSCs, including electrochromic, self‐healing, shape memory, thermally chargeable, piezoelectric‐, photo‐SSCs. The final section highlights the future directions and critical technological challenges in the field of SSCs.

Recent advances in solid‐state supercapacitors: From emerging materials to advanced applications

Electrical energy storage (EES) is crucial in energy industry from generation to consumption. It can help to balance the difference between generation and consumption, which can improve the stability and safety of power grid. Share of renewable energy generation and low emission energy utilization at consumption side can grow up via the development of EES technology, which could reduce the emission of Greenhouse gas in the whole energy chain. Nowadays, the usage of EES are becoming broader not only in normal environment but also in some harsh environment such as underground, space and very cold climate, which brings new challenges from energy storage element (cell) technology to system packaging technology. This paper reviewed the available energy storage technologies, and their special requirements and applications in harsh environment. More attentions were paid to the usage of EES in cold climate application both for transportation such as electric vehicles (EV), and stationary application including large/small scale energy storage located in cold area, where stable discharge/charge at temperature lower than −20 °C are required. Finally, a comprehensive review of the current technology from cell level to package was presented, and possible directions for R&D in the future to widen the operation temperature range of battery were proposed.

Review of energy storage technologies in harsh environment

This paper describes two platforms for autonomous sensing microsystems that are intended for deployment in chemically corrosive environments at elevated temperatures and pressures. Following the deployment period, the microsystems are retrieved, recharged, and interrogated wirelessly at close proximity. The first platform is the Michigan Micro Mote for High Temperature (M3HT), a chip stack 2.9 × 1.1 × 1.5 mm3 in size. It uses RF communications to support pre-deployment and post-retrieval functions, and it uses customized electronics to achieve ultralow power consumption, permitting the use of a chip-scale battery. The second platform is the Environmental Logging Microsystem (ELM). This system, which is 6.5 × 6.3 × 4.5 mm3 in size, uses the smallest suitable off-the-shelf electronic and battery components that are compatible with assembly on a flexible printed circuit board. Data are stored in non-volatile memory, permitting retrieval even after total power loss. Pre-deployment and post-retrieval functions are supported by optical communication. Two types of encapsulation methods are used to withstand high pressure and corrosive environments: an epoxy filled volume is used for the M3HT, and a hollow stainless-steel shell with a sapphire lid is used for both the M3HT and ELM. The encapsulated systems were successfully tested at temperature and pressure reaching 150 °C and 10,000 psi, in environments of concentrated brine, oil, and cement slurry. At elevated temperatures, the limited lifetimes of available batteries constrain the active deployment period to several hours.

Autonomous Microsystems for Downhole Applications: Design Challenges, Current State, and Initial Test Results.

An ingestible electronic capsule for the collection of samples along a gastric intestinal tract and methods relating thereto are provided. The ingestible electronic capsule includes a housing and a cap that form an interior chamber. The cap includes a sampling port and one or more sample collection chambers are disposed within the interior chamber. A motor is also disposed within the interior chamber and is configured to rotate one of the cap and the one or more sample collection chambers so to align one or the one or more sample collection chambers and the sampling port of the cap so to allow for sample collection. A microcontroller is also disposed within the interior chamber and is in communication with at least the motor. The microcontroller is configured to control the selective alignment of the sampling port and one of the one or more sample collection chambers and induce gastric intestinal fluid sampling.

Sampling device for drug development and diagnosis of gastric-intestinal diseases

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Autonomous Microsystems for Downhole Applications: Design Challenges, Current State, and Initial Test Results.

Sampling device for drug development and diagnosis of gastric-intestinal diseases