Recent approaches and advanced wastewater treatment technologies for mitigating emerging microplastics contamination - A critical review.

Due to the growth in the human population globally, it is noted that various industries have also grown. The need for an excess supply of water and the generation of high effluent quality upon proper treatment technologies has become a necessity. These two crucial needs can be achieved with the aid of membrane bioreactor (MBR) that has been proven to be effective in removing organic and inorganic matters as a biological unit for wastewater treatment. MBR plants are created by integrating the biological process with membrane filtration which possesses numerous benefits if compared with conventional methods such as activated sludge; MBR is widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. This review addresses basic concepts of MBRs plants and subsequently provides information on the recent developments of each part related to MBR plants. The characteristics of the bioreactor treatment process is discussed in detail, and then a comprehensive review of the membrane separation process is examined. The fouling phenomena as a main obstacle to widespread MBRs plant is presented in detail with recent fouling mitigation methods. The efforts of a number of novel MBR processes are summarized. In order to tackle the existing limitation of MBRs to be practical on a larger scale, the existing challenges and future research efforts are proposed.

Membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment: A review

Anaerobic/aerobic moving bed-dynamic membrane combined biofilm reactor (A/O-MB-DMBR) maintained a significantly high removal pollutant efficiency for mariculture wastewater. But, the membrane pollution problem was also its deficiency, which affected its economy and sustainability. It is urgent to optimize the operation of A/O-MB-DMBR process to realize efficient and clean treatment of mariculture wastewater. Based on an efficient treatment process of mariculture wastewater by A/O-MB-DMBR, we tested chitosan (CTS) addition effects on the performance and mechanism for controlling membrane fouling. The results demonstrated that the average removal rates for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) reached 92.1% and 94.1% and membrane fouling was retarded and doubled running time was achieved by adding CTS, which depended on the increase of biomass floc size, reduction of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in mixed liquor. Microbial community analysis indicated that CTS changed the community structure, and the microbial diversity, richness and the abundance of the nitrogen removal bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Marinicella, Sulfurovum, Muricauda and Haliangium) increased to enhance the nitrogen removal process. Moreover, a series of biomacromolecule degraders (Neptunomonas, Desulfopila, Xanthomarina, Desulfotignum, Winogradskyella, Lewinella, Dietzia and Pseudophaeobacter) were selectively enriched, which could account for the mitigation of membrane fouling as a result of EPS degradation. 

A novel anaerobic/aerobic-moving bed-dynamic membrane combined biofilm reactor (A/O-MB-DMBR) treating mariculture wastewater with chitosan (CTS): Performance, control and microbial community

Polypropylene (PP) is widely recognized as an environmentally friendly material for cable insulation due to its good insulation performance and environmental friendliness. One common method for enhancing the overall performance of PP is the addition of nanoparticles. To analyze the influence of different functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) fillers on the properties of PP/MWCNT composite materials from a microscale perspective, molecular dynamics is used to construct pure PP models and models filled with untreated carbon nanotubes (UFCNT), amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes (AFCNT), carboxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CFCNT), and hydroxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes (HFCNT) (functionalized MWCNT with 4 or 8 functional groups grafted onto them). The simulation results indicate that the doping of nanotubes can effectively enhance the thermodynamic properties of PP. Among them, PP/CFCNT-8 exhibits the most significant improvement in melting temperature and mechanical properties, with an increase in melting temperature of 88.85 K and a 184.52 % increase in Young's modulus. The melting temperature of PP/HFCNT-8 is second only to PP/CFCNT-8, with an increase of 82.59 K. The results indicate that the thermodynamic properties of PP nanocomposites filled with functionalized MWCNT are improved with the grafting rate. The filling of functionalized MWCNT alters the microscale properties of PP composites, with a significant decrease in root mean square displacement (RMSD), and improvement in free volume fraction (FFV) as well as interfacial binding energy, which can better maintain the electrical properties of PP insulation materials. Applying functionalized carbon nanotubes to filled PP can significantly increase the electrical insulation properties of PP cable materials, which provides meaningful guidance for adopting polypropylene cable insulation materials. 

Thermal properties and mechanical behavior of functionalized carbon nanotube-filled polypropylene composites using molecular dynamics simulation

This paper provides an overview of biofilm-based hybrid systems as a novel approach for enhanced treatment of brewery wastewater. The integrated technology offers high biomass concentration, compact reactor design, particulate-free effluent, and efficient pollutant removal. A comprehensive outline of applications of biofilm-based treatment technologies for brewery wastewater treatment is provided. The advantages and potential synergies of hybrid systems, shedding light on their role as innovative solutions is provided. However, to fully utilize the hybrid system, salient research gaps need to be addressed including, optimal system configuration, biofiltration media selection, microbial community dynamics, optimization of operational parameters, biofilm thickness, and exploration of resource recovery. Research into these areas is critically needed to advance the understanding of the hybrid system to allow for effective system design and operation. As the integration of AGS and biofiltration has emerged as a promising paradigm shift, researching the hydrid AGS + biofiltration system underscores the importance of continued exploration and innovation to ensure robust and environmentally friendly solutions in brewery wastewater treatment. 

Biofilm-based hybrid systems for enhanced brewery wastewater treatment – A review

In this study, the effect of sludge concentration on the performance of an aerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) was investigated. Low-cost polyester hollow fiber support material was used for the formation of dynamic membrane (DM). Treatment and filtration performances of the DMBR were investigated at two different sludge concentrations (5 g/L; 10 g/L). Both DMBRs were operated at a flux of 18 L/m2 h The DM could be operated at steady conditions for 51 and 24 days at sludge concentrations of 5 and 10 g/L, respectively. High treatment performance and permeate quality were achieved at each sludge concentration. High chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (>88%), low total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations (

Dynamic membrane bioreactor performance for treatment of municipal wastewaters at different sludge concentrations

Harnessing Pore Size in COF Membranes: A Concentration Gradient-Driven Molecular Dynamics Study on Enhanced H2/CH4 Separation

In this work, we combined tensile test results with atomistic simulations to investigate the effect of filler parameters including distribution, stacking, loading and lateral graphene size on elastic moduli of graphene/PA-6,6 nanocomposites. Stacked and randomly distributed atomistic models were adapted in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to establish the limits of stiffness enhancement in graphene reinforced PA-6,6 nanocomposites with loading ratios changing from 0 to 1 wt%. Experimental results showed that incorporating of 0.3–0.4 wt% graphene loading improved the elastic modulus of the neat polymer by 41.7%−43.5%. While the test sample behaved close to the computational results of the stacked atomistic model at low graphene loadings up to 0.4 wt%, it overshot the predictions of the randomly distributed model at all considered loadings up to 1 wt%. Elastic moduli of graphene-based PA-6,6 nanocomposites increased linearly with graphene loading in the stacked model, however, no such relation was detected in the randomly distributed model. The lower stiffness enhancement provided by the randomly distributed model compared to the stacked model was revealed as the small lateral size of graphene plates in PA-6,6 matrix. As the graphene size increased, the elastic modulus of the graphene dramatically increased, directly improving the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite. The developed computational approach is highly useful to estimate the boundaries of stiffness enhancement provided by graphene dispersions in macroscale nanocomposite samples. 

Combining tensile test results with atomistic predictions of elastic modulus of graphene/polyamide-6,6 nanocomposites

Error bounds of pair distribution function analysis in characterization of thermal disorder in nanocrystals

We evaluate the accuracy of x-ray diffraction analysis performed by Rietveld refinement in extracting the static and dynamic atomic displacement parameters of spherical gold nanocrystals with sizes of 30 nm and below and within a temperature interval of 10-300 K. A self-consistent computational workflow composed of real- and reciprocal- space analyses is designed for this purpose. We obtain average lattice parameters, static and thermal atomic displacements as well as their temperature and particle size dependence in an ideally monodispersed and realistic nanocrystalline powder generated by molecular dynamics simulations. Then, we compare crystallographic parameters obtained from real- and reciprocal- space analyses to evaluate the accuracy of diffraction analysis. We also extend the comparison to local variations of crystallographic parameters in the nanocrystals and show how Rietveld refinement relates to the average parameters of the core and surface regions separately. We show that 1) average lattice parameters obtained from Rietveld refinement are greater than the mean lattice parameter of small nanocrystals and converge to the core lattice parameter with increasing particle size, 2) Rietveld refinement significantly underestimates static atom displacements of surface atoms in small nanocrystals, 3) dynamic atomic displacements in nanocrystalline gold powders are reliably obtained within 5% error by Rietveld refinement, provided that thermal diffuse scattering is adequately removed from the diffraction data, 4) the discrepancy between real- and reciprocal-space analysis increases for the smallest gold nanocrystal. 

Static and Dynamic Atom Displacements in Nanocrystalline Powders from Diffraction Analysis at Finite Temperature

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