A dynamic development of methodologies of analytical flow injection measurements during four decades since their invention has reinforced the solid position of flow analysis in the arsenal of techniques and instrumentation of contemporary chemical analysis. With the number of published scientific papers exceeding 20 000, and advanced instrumentation available for environmental, food, and pharmaceutical analysis, flow analysis is well established as an extremely vital field of modern flow chemistry, which is developed simultaneously with methods of chemical synthesis carried out under flow conditions. This review work is based on almost 300 original papers published mostly in the last decade, with special emphasis put on presenting novel achievements from the most recent 2–3 years in order to indicate current development trends of this methodology. Besides the evolution of the design of whole measuring systems, and including especially new applications of various detections methods, several aspects of implications of progress in nanotechnology, and miniaturization of measuring systems for application in different field of modern chemical analysis are also discussed.

Recent advances in flow injection analysis

An ultra-facile and label-free immunoassay strategy for detection of copper (II) utilizing chemiluminescence self-enhancement of Cu (II)-ethylenediaminetetraacetate chelate

A full-automated magnetic particle-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for rapid detection of cortisol in milk.

Widespread demand for the analysis and control of water quality and supply for human activity and ecosystem sustainability has necessitated the continuous improvement of water analysis methods in terms of their reliability, efficiency, and costs. To satisfy these requirements, flow-injection analysis using different detection methods has successfully been developed in recent decades. This review, based on about 100 original research papers, presents the achievements in this field over the past ten years. Various methodologies for establishing flow-injection measurements are reviewed, together with microfluidics and portable systems. The developed applications mostly concern not only the determination of inorganic analytes but also the speciation analysis of different elements, and the determination of several total indices of water quality. Examples of the determination of organic residues (e.g., pesticides, phenolic compounds, and surfactants) in natural surface waters, seawater, groundwater, and drinking water have also been identified. Usually, changes in the format of manual procedures for flow-injection determination results in the improvement of various operational parameters, such as the limits of detection, the sampling rate, or selectivity in different matrices.

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Flow-Injection Methods in Water Analysis—Recent Developments

Biosensor Constructs for the Monitoring of Persistent Emerging Pollutants in Environmental Matrices

In the present work, a simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescent competitive immunoassay was developed for the determination of mercury(II) ion (Hg(2+)) based on carboxylic resin beads, a novel specific monoclonal antibody (McAb) and HRP enzyme-amplification. Resin beads with carboxyl groups were creatively employed as supports for immobilizing more coating antigen through acylamide bonds. With a competitive-type assay mode, the Hg(2+) in solution competed with the immobilized coating antigen for the limited McAb. Then, the second antibody labeled with HRP was introduced, and an effectively increased CL was obtained, which was ascribed to the catalytic activity of HRP for the luminol-PIP-H2O2 reaction. With increasing concentration of Hg(2+), the CL of this system decreases because less HRP is present in the CL reaction. At optimal conditions, the CL signal displayed a good linear relation toward Hg(2+) in the range of 0.05-200 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.015 ng mL(-1). The immunosensor possessed high specificity, acceptable accuracy and reproducibility, and was examined in real samples with favorable results. This immunoassay will have intriguing application prospects for the determination of other heavy metal ions and environmental contaminants.

Flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay based on resin beads, enzymatic amplification and a novel monoclonal antibody for determination of Hg2+

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Flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay based on resin beads, enzymatic amplification and a novel monoclonal antibody for determination of Hg2+