Conjugated polymers have recently been under active investigation as promising alternatives to traditional inorganic semiconductors for photocatalysis. This is due to their unique advantages of low cost, high chemical stability, and molecularly tunable optoelectronic properties. This critical review summarizes the recent advancements in π-conjugated polymers for visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications including water splitting, CO2 reduction, organic transformation and degradation of organic dyes. Special emphasis is placed on how the changes in the polymer structure could influence their physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activities. This structure–activity relationship analysis should guide rational molecular design of conjugated polymers for improved photocatalytic activity.

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Conjugated polymers for visible-light-driven photocatalysis

Porous organic polymers (POPs) are emerging porous solids featuring high porosity, low density, diverse composition, facile functionalization, and high thermal/chemical stability. POPs are proven competitive candidates in various applications, such as sorption/separation, energy storage, biomedical applications, optical devices, and catalysis. Photocatalysis enables multifarious transformations of chemicals under mild conditions without enormous energy consumption and contaminant generation. Catalytically active species can be incorporated into POPs by means of covalent bonding or metal–ligand coordination, and the catalytic power of POPs can be fine tuned by modulating the electronic properties of monomers and pore structures of the solids, which make POP-based heterogeneous photocatalysts designable for task-specific applications. The outstanding performance and reusability distinguish POPs from their homogeneous analogues. As a result, their catalytic efficiency can be significantly enhanced and cost would be considerably reduced. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent research of POPs in visible-light-driven photocatalysis, including organic synthesis, hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, and degradation of organic pollutants. Technological concerns over the hindrance of preparation, post-processing, performance optimization, cost and energy consumption are also discussed.

Emerging applications of porous organic polymers in visible-light photocatalysis

Solar energy is a clean and sustainable energy source. Natural photosynthesis has existed for millions of years, which can convert solar energy into chemical energy needed by living things. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, scientists have developed a series of artificial photosynthetic systems that can use solar energy efficiently for humans. Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a new class of materials that can be used in artificial photosynthetic systems. This review illustrates the light-harvesting capability and the energy transfer phenomena within the supramolecular structure of CMPs to provide guidelines for the rational design of these polymers with excellent photocatalytic properties and systematically discusses the applications of these materials in the field of photocatalysis including photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, organic conversion, environmental remediation, and medical health. Finally, this review points out the major challenges in this topic and suggests the next feasible development direction.

Recent advances in conjugated microporous polymers for photocatalysis: designs, applications, and prospects

Photocatalytic water splitting hydrogen production via environmental benign carbon based nanomaterials

Chemical Vapor Deposition for N/S-Doped Single Fe Site Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Single Fe atom dispersed carbon nanostructures show promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities for renewable energy applications. Nevertheless, the microenvironment of the single Fe atoms...

Atomically Dispersed Fe–Heteroatom (N, S) Bridge Sites Anchored on Carbon Nanosheets for Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The molecular design of highly photo-functional polymers with high charge separation efficiency and wide spectral absorption are long term quest for photocatalysis. Herein, we design and develop a series of nitrogen-containing conjugated microporous polymers (N-CMPs) with tailored donor-acceptor units for enhancing charge separation and light harvesting for visible light photocatalytic H2 production. By alternating the substitution position (o-, m-, or p-) and the number of electron donor (carbazole, diphenylamine) and acceptor (cyano) units on the 3D-core structure, a series of N-CMPs with adjustable donor-acceptor (D-A) charge separation efficiencies and tuneable band gaps in the range of 1.64–2.29 eV were obtained, enabling the precise control of the photocatalytic activity at the molecular level. The optimized N-CMP (4-CzPN) exhibits a higher visible light H2 production rate at 2103.2 μmol/h·g and the apparent quantum yield (AQY) at 420 nm reaches 6.4%. Furthermore, the 4-CzPN photocatalyst maintains excellent durability and recycling performance under 25 h continued light irradiation. The outstanding photocatalytic performance of the optimized N-CMPs with D -A structure is attributed to the enhanced polarity and conjugated degree of their core structure, which promotes charge separation and light absorption.

Stable, carrier separation tailorable conjugated microporous polymers as a platform for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution

The Influence of Phosphorus on Leaf Function, Cadmium Accumulation and Stress Tolerance of Poplar Leaves Under Cadmium Exposure

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Atomically Dispersed Fe–Heteroatom (N, S) Bridge Sites Anchored on Carbon Nanosheets for Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Stable, carrier separation tailorable conjugated microporous polymers as a platform for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution

The Influence of Phosphorus on Leaf Function, Cadmium Accumulation and Stress Tolerance of Poplar Leaves Under Cadmium Exposure