Thermoslastic-modifers are used to enhance the fracture toughness of epoxy resins for cryogenic applications. This study presents a comparative analysis of the cryogenic performance of laminated fibre-reinforced composites, focusing on two different toughening approaches: interleaving electrospun polyethersulfone (PES) veils or epoxy/PES blends with varying PES loadings. In casted epoxy/PES blends, the particulate phase structure was formed with a PES content of 2.5-10 phr, transitioning to a co-continuous structure beyond 10 phr. Electrospun PES interleaves effectively enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness at both 293 and 77 K by 76% and 48%, respectively. These improvement levels achieved were comparable to those of laminates toughened with 7.5 phr PES/epoxy blend. The results presented suggest that interleaving composite laminates offers great potential in enhancing the durability of cryogenic tanks while being seamlessly integrated into manufacturing processes. 

A comparative study of the cryogenic performance of CFRP composites with polyethersulfone/epoxy blends and electrospun polyethersulfone interleaves

Interlaminar reinforced carbon fiber/epoxy composites by electrospun ultrafine hybrid fibers

The investigation of advanced joining techniques for aerospace composites is critical to ensure the aviation safety and promote the production efficiency. In this study, plain-woven PEEK and PPS meshes were selected as joining agents for an aerospace carbon fibre/epoxy laminate upon a co-cure process. An atmospheric plasma treatment was applied to the PEEK/PPS meshes for surface functionalisation, aiming to promote the chemical bonds and interactions between the meshes and the composite during the co-curing stage. The fracture resistance of the joints subject to mode I (opening) and mode II (shearing) loading conditions were conducted at both of ambient and high temperatures, which revealed excellent fracture resistance of the specimens joined by both of the plain-woven PEEK/PPS meshes. In general, the PEEK-cured joints showed more prominent fracture performance than the PPS-cured joints. In comparison to the composite joints without meshes, the mode I fracture energies of the PEEK-cured joints at ambient (22 °C) temperature and high temperature (130 °C) were 151% and 67% higher, respectively and the mode II fracture energies were 429% and 419% higher, respectively. The excellent crack resistance of the joints co-cured by the meshes was resulted from considerable peeling and tearing damage of the plain-weaved PEEK/PPS fibres during the crack propagation stage, which led to significant energy dissipation. 

Carbon fibre composite joints co-cured by advanced PEEK/PPS meshes with outstanding fracture toughness

This study investigates the effect of incorporating polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyetherimide (PEI), and polyether‐ether‐ketone (PEEK) thermoplastic films in melt form as interlayers to toughen carbon fiber/epoxy composites. The addition of melt‐infused PET, PEI, and PEEK film into carbon fiber/epoxy composite enhanced the mode‐I interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) by 60%, 156%, and 284%, respectively. The primary toughening mechanisms found were plastic deformation and mechanical interlocking through fiber bridging, which left fiber imprint traces on the fracture surface. The mode‐II ILFT of PET, PEI, and PEEK film interleaved laminates was improved by 80%, 188%, and 96%, respectively. Plastic deformation was observed to be the principal toughening mechanism. Notably, these enhancements in ILFT were achieved while simultaneously increasing interlaminar shear strength. These findings show the role of hot‐melt‐infused PET, PEI, and PEEK thermoplastic films in the improvement of ILFT of composites which is crucial in the design of damage‐tolerant composite structures.
Composites were interleaved with PET, PEI, and PEEK films via melt‐infusion.
Mode‐I and mode‐II ILFT were significantly enhanced, up to 284% for PEEK.
Failure exhibited plastic deformation, extensive fiber bridging, and pull‐out.
Melt‐infusion created complex, mechanically interlocked interfaces.


Fracture toughness and failure behavior of CF/epoxy composites interleaved with melt‐infused PET, PEI, and PEEK film

Study of Interlaminar Fracture Toughness and Flexural Properties of Carbon Fibre Composites Reinforced with Polyethersulfone/Graphene Oxide Films

The mix-mode fracture behaviour of aerospace composite joints co-cured by different forms of advanced thermoplastics

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The mix-mode fracture behaviour of aerospace composite joints co-cured by different forms of advanced thermoplastics