Relative contributions of different sources to DOM in Erhai Lake as revealed by PLS-PM.

The DCL gene in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 4 (Foc4) is a pivotal pathogenic factor causing banana fusarium wilt. Precise DCL detection is crucial for Foc4 containment. Here, we present a novel ssDNA-hDNA coupling electrochemical biosensor for highly specific DCL detection. The sensing interface was formed via electrodeposition of a composite containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto a carbon screen-printed electrode (SPE), followed by thiol-modified ssDNA functionalization. Additionally, the incorporation of hDNA, with methylene blue (MB) at both ends, binds to ssDNA through base complementarity, forming an ssDNA-hDNA coupling probe with bismethylene blue. This sensing strategy relies on DCL recognition by the hDNA probe, leading to DNA hairpin unfolding and detachment of hDNA bearing two MBs from ssDNA, generating a robust “on-off” signal. Empirical results demonstrate the sensor's amplified electrical signals, reduced background currents, and an extended detection range (6.02×106 - 3.01×1010 copies/μL) with a limit of detection (3.01×106 copies/μL) for DCL identification. We applied this sensor to analyze soil, banana leaves, and fruit samples, confirming its high specificity and stability. Moreover, post-sample detection, the sensor exhibits reusability, offering a cost-effective and rapid approach for banana wilt detection. 

A double Methylene Blue labeled Single-stranded DNA and Hairpin DNA coupling Biosensor for the Detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 4

The study was intended to determine whether the composition or distribution of humic substances from lake sediment could be characterized by spectroscopic data with chemometrics methods The research materials were humic substances extracted from sediment samples collected in heavily polluted areas in Wuliangsuhai Lake Humic substance extraction was performed using the method proposed by the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) In extracted humic substances, the three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (3DEEM) was determined, and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) with classification and regression trees (CART) and two-dimensional correlation spectra (2D-COS) was used to analyze spectroscopic data Both the fulvic acid (FA) and the humic acid (HA) samples had five PARAFAC components (C1–C5), which contained Vis fulvic-like component (C1), Vis humic-like component (C2), UV humic-like component (C3), microbial fluorescent component (C4), and UV fulvic-like component (C5) This indicated the ubiquity of the humic substance components in the environment For the CART analysis, C1 was the key factor used to differentiate FA and HA, while C1–C4 were the key parameters used to distinguish the humic substance samples in the eight units Using 2D-COS and hetero 2D-COS, the PARAFAC components were formed with the increasing of sediment depth in the following order: C3 → C2 → C5 → C4 → C1, which suggested that the relatively labile structure appeared earlier than the relatively stable structure with the greater depth of the sediment The Vis fulvic-like could be a key factor used to discriminate the FA and the HA fractions, while the latent factors of different depths of sediment were not identical The order of the humic substance formations was Vis humic-like → UV humic-like → Vis fulvic-like → microbial fluorophore → UV fulvic-like

Characterizing humic substances from a large-scale lake with irrigation return flows using 3DEEM-PARAFAC with CART and 2D-COS

Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most economically important plant fungal pathogens, causing devastating Fusarium wilt diseases on a diverse range of hosts, including many key crop plants. Consequently, F. oxysporum has been the subject of extensive research to help develop and improve crop protection strategies. The sequencing of the F. oxysporum genome 14 years ago has greatly accelerated the discovery and characterization of key genes contributing to F. oxysporum biology and virulence. In this review, we summarize important findings on the molecular mechanisms of F. oxysporum growth, reproduction, and virulence. In particular, we focus on genes studied through mutant analysis, covering genes involved in diverse processes such as metabolism, stress tolerance, sporulation, and pathogenicity, as well as the signaling pathways that regulate them. In doing so, we hope to present a comprehensive review of the molecular understanding of F. oxysporum that will aid the future study of this and related species. 

The Ubiquitous Wilt-Inducing Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum—A Review of Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis

RNA interference is an ancient mechanism with many regulatory roles in eukaryotic genomes, with small RNAs acting as their functional element. While there is a wide array of classes of small-RNA-producing loci, those resulting from stem-loop structures (hairpins) have received profuse attention. Such is the case of microRNAs (miRNAs), which have distinct roles in plants and animals. Fungi also produce small RNAs, and several publications have identified miRNAs and miRNA-like (mi/milRNA) hairpin RNAs in diverse fungal species using deep sequencing technologies. Despite this relevant source of information, relatively little is known about mi/milRNA features in fungi, mostly due to a lack of established criteria for their annotation. To systematically assess mi/milRNA characteristics and annotation confidence, we searched for publications describing mi/milRNA loci and re-assessed the annotations for 41 fungal species. We extracted and normalized the annotation data for 1727 reported mi/milRNA loci and determined their abundance profiles, concluding that less than half of the reported loci passed basic standards used for hairpin RNA discovery. We found that fungal mi/milRNA are generally more similar in size to animal miRNAs and were frequently associated with protein-coding genes. The compiled genomic analyses identified 25 mi/milRNA loci conserved in multiple species. Our pipeline allowed us to build a general hierarchy of locus quality, identifying more than 150 loci with high-quality annotations. We provide a centralized annotation of identified mi/milRNA hairpin RNAs in fungi which will serve as a resource for future research and advance in understanding the characteristics and functions of mi/milRNAs in fungal organisms.

Comprehensive re-analysis of hairpin small RNAs in fungi reveals loci with conserved links

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate protein-coding gene expression primarily found in plants and animals. Fungi produce microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) that are structurally similar to miRNAs and functionally important in various biological processes. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the causal agent of Banana Fusarium vascular wilt that threatens global banana production. It remains uncharacterized about the biosynthesis and functions of milRNAs in Foc. In this study, we investigated the biological function of milRNAs contributing to Foc pathogenesis. Within 24 hours post infecting the host, the Argonaute coding gene FoQDE2, and two Dicer coding genes FoDCL1 and FoDCL2, all of which are involved in milRNA biosynthesis, were significantly induced. FoQDE2 deletion mutant exhibited decreased virulence, suggesting the involvement of milRNA biosynthesis in the Foc pathogenesis. By small RNA sequencing, we identified 364 small RNA-producing loci in the Foc genome, 25 of which were significantly down-regulated in the FoQDE2 deletion mutant, from which milR-87 was verified as a FoQDE2-depedent milRNA based on qRT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. Compared to the wild-type, the deletion mutant of milR-87 was significantly reduced in virulence, while overexpression of milR-87 enhanced disease severity, confirming that milR-87 is crucial for Foc virulence in the infection process. We furthermore identified FOIG_15013 (a glycosyl hydrolase-coding gene) as the direct target of milR-87 based on the expression of FOIG_15013-GFP fusion protein. The FOIG_15013 deletion mutant displayed similar phenotypes as the overexpression of milR-87, with a dramatic increase in the growth, conidiation and virulence. Transient expression of FOIG_15013 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves activates the host defense responses. Collectively, this study documents the involvement of milRNAs in the manifestation of the devastating fungal disease in banana, and demonstrates the importance of milRNAs in the pathogenesis and other biological processes. Further analyses of the biosynthesis and expression regulation of fungal milRNAs may offer a novel strategy to combat devastating fungal diseases.

/pdf/foqde2-dependent-milrna-promotes-fusarium-oxysporum-f-sp-21r82m0w.pdf

FoQDE2-dependent milRNA promotes Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense virulence by silencing a glycosyl hydrolase coding gene expression

This paper used excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) to probe the fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the overlying water with different dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions, investigating the relationship between protein-like fluorescence intensity and total nitrogen concentration. The resulting fluorescence spectra revealed three protein-like components (high-excitation wavelength tyrosine, low-excitation wavelength tyrosine, low-excitation wavelength tryptophan) and two fulvic-like components (ultraviolet fulvic-like components, visible fulvic-like components) in the overlying water. Moreover, the protein-like components were dominant in the overlying water's DOM. The fluorescence intensity of the protein-like components decreased significantly after aeration. Two of the protein-like components--the low-excitation wavelength tyrosine and the low-excitation wavelength tryptophan--were more susceptible to degradation by microorganisms within the degradable organic matter with respect to the high-excitation wavelength tyrosine. In contrast, the ultraviolet and visible fulvic-like fluorescence intensity increased along with increasing DO concentration, indicating that the fulvic-like components were part of the refractory organics. The fluorescence indices of the DOM in the overlying water were between 1.65-1.80, suggesting that the sources of the DOM were related to terrigenous sediments and microbial metabolic processes, with the primary source being the contribution from microbial metabolism. The fluorescence indices increased along with DO growth, which showed that microbial biomass and microbial activity gradually increased with increasing DO while microbial metabolism also improved, which also increased the biogenic components in the overlying water. The fluorescence intensity of the high-excitation wavelength tyrosine peak A showed a good linear relationship with the total nitrogen concentration at higher DO concentrations of 2.5, 3.5, and 5.5 mg x L(-1), with r2 being 0.956, 0.946, and 0.953, respectively. This study demonstrated that excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy can distinguish the transformation characteristics of the DOM and identify the linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of the high-excitation wavelength tyrosine peak A and total nitrogen concentration, thus providing a quick and effective technique and theoretical support for river water monitoring and water restoration.

The Fluorescent Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter and Assessment of Total Nitrogen in Overlying Water with Different Dissolved Oxygen Conditions.

The invention discloses a treatment system for high-carbon-and-nitrogen wastewater. The treatment system for the high-carbon-and-nitrogen wastewater comprises a regulating pool, a lifting pump, a coagulative precipitation pool, a hydrolysis-acidification pool, another lifting pump, an IC (internal circulation) reactor, a two-stage contact oxidation pool, a secondary precipitation pool, a sludge concentration tank, a mud pump, a plate-and-frame filter press, a sludge reflux pump, a sludge outward transport cart, a reflux pump and a fan room, wherein the high-carbon-and-nitrogen wastewater passes through the coagulative precipitation pool to be subjected to pretreatment, so as to decrease the concentration of a water quality, and to reduce the treatment burdens of subsequent units; the hydrolysis-acidification pool intercepts non-dissolved-state organic matters in the wastewater and gradually converts the non-dissolved-state organic matters into dissolved-state organic matters, macromolecular sSubstances are converted into micromolecular substances, so that the biodegradability and the degradation speed of the wastewater are obviously improved, and the subsequent biological treatment is facilitated. The treatment capacity to a high-concentration COD (chemical oxygen demand) and the advantage of converting organic nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen are effectively improved by utilizing a novel anaerobic reactor IC reactor; the two-stage contact oxidation pool further degrades the COD and converts the ammonia nitrogen, the nitrogen removal by denitrification is realized, and discharge water is enabled to be up to a state-specified discharge standard.

Treatment system for high-carbon-and-nitrogen wastewater

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010157.].

Correction: FoQDE2-dependent milRNA promotes Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense virulence by silencing a glycosyl hydrolase coding gene expression

Corrosion Behavior of Vcrfeta0.1w0.1 and Vcrfeta0.2w0.2 Refractory High-Entropy Alloys

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