Biodemography of the Mediterranean fruit fly: aging, longevity and adaptation in the wild.

The development of effective fruit fly trapping methods depends on knowing the factors that affect the temporal and spatial activity of the target species. Several endogenous factors, such as nutritional and mating status, sexual development, age, and gender, influence fly physiological condition and directly impact the effectiveness of baits and trapping systems, since only a small portion of the population is usually attracted to particular stimuli. Therefore, the identification of signals and cues used by fruit flies to locate the resources that satisfy their needs is the basis for developing effective lures and traps. Exogenous factors known to impact fruit fly captures include abiotic (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) and biotic conditions (e.g., resource availability). In this chapter, we first discuss ways in which these factors affect the behavioral response of fruit flies to traps and lures. Then, we analyze the specific response of fruit flies to natural and synthetic attractants used for trapping them and also discuss aspects of life history among fruit fly species in an attempt to explain variations in responses to visual and olfactory cues associated with traps. Finally, directions of future research are discussed.

Interactions Between Tephritid Fruit Fly Physiological State and Stimuli from Baits and Traps: Looking for the Pied Piper of Hamelin to Lure Pestiferous Fruit Flies

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a polyphagous and highly destructive agricultural pest that invaded mainland China in 2019. To facilitate research on this pest, it is important to formulate and formalize a suitable artificial diet based on local ingredients. In this study, the life histories of fall armyworm reared on corn leaves and four artificial diets were recorded. The four artificial diets used were: soybean and sucrose-based (SS), soybean and wheat germ-based (SW), chickpea and wheat germ-based (CPW), and corn and soybean-based (CNS). The intrinsic rates of increase were 0.1957, 0.1981, 0.1816, 0.1748, and 0.1464 per day in the fall armyworm populations fed corn leaves, CNS, SW, CPW, and SS, respectively. The highest fecundity (F = 1225.4 eggs per female) and net reproduction rate (R0 = 544.7 offspring per individual) were observed for the fall armyworm reared on the CNS diet. Moreover, the developmental rate, survival rate, and fecundity were used to calculate the projection of the population growth. Projection results showed that the fall armyworm populations can increase considerably faster when fed the CNS diet compared with the other diets. In addition, the mass-rearing system showed that the most efficient and economical strategy would be to rear the fall armyworm on the CNS diet. The results indicated that the CNS diet was the most suitable diet for the fall armyworm mass rearing.

Comparative Performance of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Reared on Various Cereal-Based Artificial Diets.

Effects of advanced age on olfactory response of male and female Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The life history of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Hispidae), reared under laboratory conditions on leaves of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), royal palm [Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook], bottle palm [Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (L. Bailey) H.E.Moore], and fishtail palm (Caryota ochlandra Hance) was analyzed using age-stage, two-sex life table. Means and standard errors of population growth parameters were calculated using the jackknife method. Moreover, survival rate and fecundity data were applied to project the population for revealing the different stage structure. The mean intrinsic rates of population growth when reared on each respective leaf type were 0.032, 0.031, 0.019, and 0.044. Individuals reared on C. nucifera achieved the highest net reproduction rate at 114.5 offspring per female. The mean generation times of B. longissima ranged from 93.2 d (reared on C. ochlandrai) to 161.5 d (reared on H. lagenicaulis). Projections from survival rate and fecundity data indicated that B. longissima populations can row considerably faster on C. ochlandra than on the other three host plants. The results validate the two-stage life history approach taken, providing an essential tool for developing and testing future control strategies.

https://bioone.org/journals/Environmental-Entomology/volume-41/issue-5/EN12077/Age-Stage-Two-Sex-Life-Table-of-Brontispa-Longissima-Gestro/10.1603/EN12077.pdf

Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table of Brontispa Longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Hispidae) Feeding on Four Palm Plant Varieties

Though traps are used widely to sample phytophagous insects for research or management purposes, and recently in aging research, possible bias stemming from differential response of individuals of various ages to traps has never been examined. In this paper, we tested the response of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) males and females of four ages (spanning from 1 to 40 days) to McPhail-type traps baited with a synthetic food attractant in field cages and found that the probability of trapping was significantly influenced by age. The type of food on which flies were maintained before testing (sugar or protein) also had a strong effect and interacted with age. In another experiment, we collected wild C. capitata adults of unknown age using 1-3 methods and then reared them in the laboratory until death. The survival schedules of these flies were subsequently used in a life table assay to infer their age at the time of capture. Results showed that on a single sampling date, males captured in traps baited with a food attractant were younger compared with males aspirated from fruiting host trees, or males captured in traps baited with a sex attractant. Likewise, females captured in food-baited traps were younger compared with aspirated females. In addition to providing the first evidence of age-dependent sampling bias for a phytophagous insect species, this paper also provides a novel approach to estimate the differences in the age composition of samples collected with different techniques. These findings are of utmost importance for several categories of insects, medically important groups notwithstanding.

/pdf/life-table-assay-of-field-caught-mediterranean-fruit-flies-3gadrgdxrs.pdf

Life table assay of field‐caught Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, reveals age bias

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Life table assay of field‐caught Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, reveals age bias