Relatively high concentrations of micropollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents underscore the necessity to develop additional treatment steps prior to discharge of treated wastewater. Microorganisms that produce unspecific oxidative enzymes such as laccases are a potential means to improve biodegradation of these compounds. Four strains of the bacterial genus Streptomyces (S. cyaneus, S. ipomoea, S. griseus and S. psammoticus) and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor were studied for their ability to produce active extracellular laccase in biologically treated wastewater with different carbon sources. Among the Streptomyces strains evaluated, only S. cyaneus produced extracellular laccase with sufficient activity to envisage its potential use in WWTPs. Laccase activity produced by T. versicolor was more than 20 times greater, the highest activity being observed with ash branches as the sole carbon source. The laccase preparation of S. cyaneus (abbreviated LSc) and commercial laccase from T. versicolor (LTv) were further compared in terms of their activity at different pH and temperatures, their stability, their substrate range, and their micropollutant oxidation efficiency. LSc and LTv showed highest activities under acidic conditions (around pH 3 to 5), but LTv was active over wider pH and temperature ranges than LSc, especially at near-neutral pH and between 10 and 25°C (typical conditions found in WWTPs). LTv was also less affected by pH inactivation. Both laccase preparations oxidized the three micropollutants tested, bisphenol A, diclofenac and mefenamic acid, with faster degradation kinetics observed for LTv. Overall, T. versicolor appeared to be the better candidate to remove micropollutants from wastewater in a dedicated post-treatment step.

/pdf/bacterial-versus-fungal-laccase-potential-for-micropollutant-3mnb7l82z5.pdf

Bacterial versus fungal laccase: potential for micropollutant degradation

During 2020, the world has experienced extreme vulnerability in the face of a disease outbreak. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic discovered in China and rapidly spread across the globe, infecting millions, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, and severe downturns in the economies of countries worldwide. Biosurfactants can play a significant role in the prevention, control and treatment of diseases caused by these pathogenic agents through various therapeutic, pharmaceutical, environmental and hygiene approaches. Biosurfactants have the potential to inhibit microbial species with virulent intrinsic characteristics capable of developing diseases with high morbidity and mortality, as well as interrupting their spread through environmental and hygiene interventions. This is possible due to their antimicrobial activity, ability to interact with cells forming micelles and to interact with the immune system, and compatibility with relevant processes such as nanoparticle synthesis. They, therefore, can be applied in developing innovative and more effective pharmaceutical, therapeutics, sustainable and friendly environmental management approaches, less toxic formulations, and more efficient cleaning agents. These approaches can be easily integrated into relevant product development pipelines and implemented as measures for combating and managing pandemics. This review examines the potential approaches of biosurfactants as useful molecules in fighting microbial pathogens both known and previously unknown, such as COVID-19.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/1/334/pdf

Biosurfactants' Potential Role in Combating COVID-19 and Similar Future Microbial Threats

Olive oil mill wastewater (OMWW), a recalcitrant pollutant, has features including high phenolic content and dark color; thereby, several chemical or physical treatments or biological processes were not able to remediate it. In this study, the treatment efficiencies of three treatments, including adsorption, biological application, and photo-Fenton oxidation were sequentially evaluated for OMWW. Adsorption, biological treatment, and photo-Fenton caused decreasing phenolic contents of 48.69 %, 59.40 %, and 95 %, respectively. However, after three sequential treatments were performed, higher reduction percentages in phenolic (total 99 %) and organic contents (90 %) were observed. Although the studied fungus has not induced significant color reduction, photo-Fenton oxidation was considered to be an attractive solution, especially for color reduction. Besides, toxicity of OMWW treatment was significantly reduced.

Sequential treatment of olive oil mill wastewater with adsorption and biological and photo-Fenton oxidation

Corn silage is used as high-energy forage for dairy cows and more recently for biogas production in a process of anaerobic co-digestion with cow manure. In this work, fresh corn silage after the harvest was used as a substrate in solid-state fermentations with T. versicolor with the aim of phenolic acid recovery and enzyme (laccase and manganese peroxidase) production. During 20 days of fermentation, 10.4-, 3.4-, 3.0-, and 1.8-fold increments in extraction yield of syringic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and caffeic acid, respectively, were reached when compared to biologically untreated corn silage. Maximal laccase activity was gained on the 4th day of fermentation (V.A. = 180.2 U/dm3), and manganese peroxidase activity was obtained after the 3rd day of fermentation (V.A. = 30.1 U/dm3). The addition of copper(II) sulfate as inducer during solid state fermentation resulted in 8.5- and 7-fold enhancement of laccase and manganese peroxidase activities, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of pH and temperature on enzyme activities was investigated. Maximal activity of laccase was obtained at T = 50 °C and pH = 3.0, while manganese peroxidase is active at temperature range T = 45–70 °C with the maximal activity at pH = 4.5.

Recovery of Phenolic Acid and Enzyme Production from Corn Silage Biologically Treated by Trametes versicolor.

The search for novel microorganisms able to degrade olive mill wastewaters (OMW) and withstand the toxic effects of the initially high phenolic concentrations is of great scientific and industrial interest. In this work, the possibility of reducing the phenolic content of OMW using new isolates of fungal strains (Coriolopsis gallica, Bjerkandera adusta, Trametes versicolor, Trichoderma citrinoviride, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Trametes trogii, and Fusarium solani) was investigated. In vitro, all fungal isolates tested caused an outstanding decolorization of OMW. However, C. gallica gave the highest decolorization and dephenolization rates at 30 % v/v OMW dilution in water. Fungal growth in OMW medium was affected by several parameters including phenolic compound concentration, nitrogen source, and inoculum size. The optimal OMW medium for the removal of phenolics and color was with the OMW concentration (in percent)/[(NH4)2SO4]/inoculum ratio of 30:6:3. Under these conditions, 90 and 85 % of the initial phenolic compounds and color were removed, respectively. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of extracts from treated and untreated OMW showed a clear and substantial reduction in phenolic compound concentrations. Phytotoxicity, assessed using radish (Raphanus sativus) seeds, indicated an increase in germination index of 23–92 % when a 30 % OMW concentration was treated with C. gallica in different dilutions (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8).

Enhanced reduction of phenol content and toxicity in olive mill wastewaters by a newly isolated strain of Coriolopsis gallica

Pınar Aytar, Serap Gedikli, Meltem Çelikdemir, Süleyman Uzuner, Burhanettin Farizoğlu, Mesut Şam, Ahmet Çabuk , Necdet Sağlam Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskişehir, Turkey Balıkesir University, Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Balıkesir, Turkey Aksaray University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Aksaray, Turkey Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Eskişehir, Turkey Hacettepe University, Institute of Science, Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey

/pdf/dephenolization-of-olive-mill-wastewater-by-pellets-of-some-4tkje4wxxh.pdf

Dephenolization of olive mill wastewater by pellets of some white rot fungi

Abstract Objective: Biosurfactants are surface-active substances produced by microorganisms. The growth of microorganism supports biosurfactant production on hydrocarbon polluted environments. In this study, the capacity of biosurfactant production of Georgenia daeguensis (accession number, KP798810) isolated from hydrocarbon- contaminated soil was studied. Methods: The components of biosurfactant production medium were investigated through Plackett-Burman methodology. By using Placket-Burman based on statistical screening, six of the eleven factors of production medium were found to be critically effective on the biosurfactant production. Results: The significant factors were KCl, ZnSO4.7H2O, CaCl2.2H2O, KH2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O and glucose. Among of these, KCl had the highest effect contribution with 55.22%. After the optimization by such design, critical micelle concentration value was reached to 2.2 g L-1. When antibacterial activity of biosurfactant was screened, it showed antibacterial effect against to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Besides, the biosurfactant was characterized by FT-IR, critic micelle concentration and zeta analysis. Conclusion: This study reported that Georgenia daeguensis is able to produce effective biosurfactant exhibiting antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae.

Optimization of a biosurfactant production from bacteria isolated from soil and characterization of the surfactant / Topraktan izole edilen bakterilerden biyosurfaktan üretiminin optimizasyonu ve surfaktanın karakterizasyonu

The potentials of thirteen lignocellulosic wastes wheat bran, barley bran, cone of Pinus nigra, sawdust, corn bran, oat, rice bran, canola, dried tea, ground clover straw, sunflower stalk, soybean bagasse, dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS) as solid substrates in respect of laccase production by the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor (ATCC 200801), Phanerochaete chrysospsorium (ME 446) and Pleurotus sajor-caju under solid-state conditions were assessed. The highest laccase activity was detected when T. versicolor was grown on ground clover straw, showing a maximum value of 22.36 U ml-1. The high enzyme activity was observed to correspond with chemical composition of substrate evaluated in respect of holocellulose, lignin, carbon and nitrogen contents. In addition, FTIR analysis was performed to chemical changes of substrate before and after using in solid state culture. Furthermore, pH and thermal stability of enzyme obtained from T. versicolor ATCC200801 grown on clover straw were studied. Also, effects of different inhibitors on the same enzyme activity were investigated.

Enhanced Production and Stability of Laccase Using Some Fungi on Different Lignocellulosic Materials

Optimization of a biosurfactant production from bacteria isolated from soil and characterization of the surfactant

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Dephenolization of olive mill wastewater by pellets of some white rot fungi

Optimization of a biosurfactant production from bacteria isolated from soil and characterization of the surfactant / Topraktan izole edilen bakterilerden biyosurfaktan üretiminin optimizasyonu ve surfaktanın karakterizasyonu

Enhanced Production and Stability of Laccase Using Some Fungi on Different Lignocellulosic Materials

Optimization of a biosurfactant production from bacteria isolated from soil and characterization of the surfactant