This article presents an introduction to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM states that the perception of a personal health behavior threat is influenced by at least three factors: general health values, interest and concern about health; specific beliefs about vulnerability to a particular health threat; and beliefs about the consequences of the health problem. Once an individual perceives a threat to his health and is simultaneously cued to action, if his perceived benefits outweighs his perceived costs, then the individual is most likely to undertake the recommended preventive health action. Key words: health promotion, health belief model, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy. Content available only in Romanian.

Health Belief Model

Purpose: Influenza/pneumonia is the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. The 2020-2021 influenza season is predicted to be further impacted by COVID-19 infections. Historical data reflect disproportionate morbidity and mortality rates in the Hispanic population for influenza and COVID-19. Influenza vaccination rates remain low in the Hispanic community. We aim to improve vaccination through a community-led event, partnering with the Cristo Rey School Dallas, located in a zip code with a higher age-adjusted influenza/pneumonia mortality rate. A survey was administered to adults attending the Influenza vaccine event to understand attitudes and perceptions about influenza, vaccination, and effective messaging strategies for the campaign. Methods: Messaging was cocreated with student health ambassadors to promote immunization and delivered through trusted sources. The health department administered vaccines to individuals >age 3 at no cost. Adults were asked to complete a 19-question survey postvaccination offered in both English and Spanish. Results: Two hundred and forty-one of 394 (61.2%) participants completed the survey. Ninety-eight percent identified as Hispanic/Latino, and the majority of surveys were administered in Spanish. Among Spanish language participants, the church bulletins (57.3%) and Spanish language radio (30.5%) were reported to be most effective modes of messaging versus word of mouth (32.9%) and social media (26.3%) for English-speaking participants. Sixteen percent of participants surveyed had never received an influenza vaccine before this event. Conclusion: Cocreated messaging delivered by trusted sources in the Hispanic community led to a successful Influenza vaccine drive with the Dallas County health department.

Co-Created Messaging for Influenza Vaccination in a High-Risk Hispanic Community Provides Groundwork for COVID-19 Vaccine

Perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in a predominantly Hispanic patient population from the Texas-Mexico Border.Collin Amundson, PharmD, Jeri J. Sias, PharmD, MPH , and Gabriel Frietze, PhD Background Compared with nationwide averages, Hispanic individuals have experienced lower routine vaccination rates and have been disproportionately hospitalized for COVID-19. Few, if any, studies have examined the health beliefs surrounding the COVID-19 vaccines and adult vaccines among this population. Objectives 1) Describe perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in a predominantly Hispanic patient population in a federally qualified health center (FQHC) situated on the US-Mexico Border; and 2) Compare patient confidence in recommendations made by local clinic and government to obtain adult and COVID-19 vaccines. Methods A bilingual (English/Spanish) written survey was administered to participants recruited from a convenience sample of patients in waiting areas of four clinic sites in a federally qualified health center (FQHC) system on the Texas-Mexico border between March and May 2021. Survey items were derived from the Health Belief Model and captured beliefs surrounding perceived effectiveness, perceived harms, protection from the influenza vaccine, trust in local clinic, and trust in the government. Results Fifty-eight participants aged 19 to 90, with a mean age of 57.28 years, completed the survey between March – May 2021, with 77.6% of respondents indicating they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine for themselves. Results revealed a trend among older adults in the study cohort to be more likely to trust the government in recommending vaccines than younger adults (r=0.33, p= Conclusions Trends related to perceptions of adult vaccines among Hispanic patients extend to the COVID-19 vaccines: especially trust in local clinic providers. Increased age may correlate to higher trust in a government-recommended vaccine. Results highlight the importance of the pharmacist giving patient a clear recommendation to receive vaccination and strong local clinic messaging.

Perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in a predominantly Hispanic patient population from the Texas-Mexico Border

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and is associated with many types of cancers that disproportionately impact Hispanics. An HPV vaccine is available for individuals ages 9-45 that can prevent up to 90% of HPV-associated cancers. The current study investigates factors associated with accepting the HPV vaccine in a predominately Hispanic community.A cross-sectional study design with an online questionnaire was used to collect data from a community sample of adults between the ages 18-65 residing in a U.S./Mexico border city, El Paso, Texas. Theory-based factors (e.g., the Health Belief Model), culture-based factors (e.g., familism), and trusted sources of information were examined as predictors of HPV-vaccine acceptance (HPV-VA) and HPV-vaccine uptake (HPV-VU).Community members (N = 602, Mage = 34.65, SD = 9.79) who were predominately Hispanic (89.4%) and female (79.6%) participated in the study. Linear regression models revealed that HPV-VA was associated with household size, primary language, engagement in organizational activities, health-related community stigma, government trust, and the HBM theory-based factors: perceived benefits, perceived harm, and perceived severity. Logistic regression analyses revealed that HPV-VU was associated with household size, engagement in non-organizational activities, HPV trusted sources of information, and perceived safety.Adequate HPV vaccination uptake among all vaccine-eligible Hispanics is an important step to lessen the HPV-attributed cancer burden. Our hypothesis that theory-based factors would be associated with HPV-VA and HPV-VU was supported. Our findings have implications for designing trusted, theory-based, and culturally sensitive health communications and interventions to promote vaccines in minority underrepresented communities. 

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptance (HPV-VA) and Vaccine Uptake (HPV-VU): assessing the impact of theory, culture, and trusted sources of information in a Hispanic community

BackgroundCompared with nationwide averages, Hispanic individuals have experienced lower routine vaccination rates and have been disproportionately hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Few, if any, studies have examined the health beliefs surrounding the COVID-19 vaccines and adult vaccines among this population.ObjectivesThis study aimed to (1) describe perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in a predominantly Hispanic patient population in a federally qualified health center (FQHC) situated on the United States–Mexico border and (2) compare patient confidence in recommendations made by local clinic and government to obtain adult and COVID-19 vaccines.MethodsA bilingual (English or Spanish) written survey was administered to participants recruited from a convenience sample of patients in waiting areas of 4 clinic sites in an FQHC system on the Texas-Mexico border between March and May 2021. Survey items were derived from the Health Belief Model and captured beliefs surrounding perceived effectiveness, perceived harms, protection from the influenza vaccine, trust in the local clinic, and trust in the government.ResultsA total of 58 participants aged 19-90 years, with a mean age of 57.28 years, completed the survey between March and May 2021, with 77.6% of respondents indicating they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine for themselves. Results revealed a trend among older adults in the study cohort to be more likely to trust the government in recommending vaccines than younger adults (r = 0.33, P ≤ 0.05) and a tendency toward higher vaccine acceptance among male survey participants (P = 0.026). The highest correlation that emerged was between perceived trust in local clinic provider and the perceived effectiveness of vaccines (r = 0.74, P < 0.01).ConclusionTrends related to perceptions of adult vaccines among Hispanic patients extend to the COVID-19 vaccines: especially trust in local clinic providers. Increased age may correlate to higher trust in a government-recommended vaccine. Results highlight the importance of the pharmacist giving the patient a clear recommendation to receive vaccination and strong local clinic messaging. 

Perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in a predominantly Hispanic patient population from the Texas–Mexico border

Background:Past research has focused on understanding influenza vaccine acceptance in non-Hispanic white populations; however, research on the social causes of influenza vaccine acceptance rates in...

Influenza and Intentions to Vaccinate in an Underserved Hispanic Population: The Role of Theoretically Derived Constructs.

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Influenza and Intentions to Vaccinate in an Underserved Hispanic Population: The Role of Theoretically Derived Constructs.