Supercapacitors have gained a lot of attention due to their unique features like high power, long cycle life and environment-friendly nature. They act as a link for energy-power difference between a traditional capacitor (having high power) and fuel cells/batteries (having high energy storage). In this perspective, a worldwide research has been reported to address this and rapid progress has been achieved in the advancement of fundamental as well as the applied aspects of supercapacitors. Here, a concise description of technologies and working principles of different materials utilized for supercapacitors has been provided. The main focus has been on materials like carbon-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, conducting polymers and their nanocomposites along with some novel materials like metal-organic frameworks, MXenes, metal nitrides, covalent organic frameworks and black phosphorus. The performance of nanocomposites has been analysed by parameters like energy, capacitance, power, cyclic performance and rate capability. Some of the latest supercapacitors such as electrochromic supercapacitor, battery-supercapacitor hybrid device, electrochemical flow capacitor, alternating current line filtering capacitor, micro-supercapacitor, photo-supercapacitor, thermally chargeable supercapacitor, self-healing supercapacitor, piezoelectric and shape memory supercapacitor have also been discussed. This review covers the up-to-date progress achieved in novel materials for supercapacitor electrodes. The latest fabricated symmetric/asymmetric supercapacitors have also been reported.

Review of supercapacitors: Materials and devices

We developed two-step solution-phase reactions to form hybrid materials of Mn3O4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets for lithium ion battery applications. Mn3O4 nanoparticles grown selectively on RGO sheets over free particle growth in solution allowed for the electrically insulating Mn3O4 nanoparticles wired up to a current collector through the underlying conducting graphene network. The Mn3O4 nanoparticles formed on RGO show a high specific capacity up to ~900mAh/g near its theoretical capacity with good rate capability and cycling stability, owing to the intimate interactions between the graphene substrates and the Mn3O4 nanoparticles grown atop. The Mn3O4/RGO hybrid could be a promising candidate material for high-capacity, low-cost, and environmentally friendly anode for lithium ion batteries. Our growth-on-graphene approach should offer a new technique for design and synthesis of battery electrodes based on highly insulating materials.

Mn3O4-Graphene Hybrid as a High Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Over the past decades, there have been many projections on the future depletion of the fossil fuel reserves on earth as well as the rapid increase in green-house gas emissions. There is clearly an urgent need for the development of renewable energy technologies. On a different frontier, growth and manipulation of materials on the nanometer scale have progressed at a fast pace. Selected recent and significant advances in the development of nanomaterials for renewable energy applications are reviewed here, and special emphases are given to the studies of solar-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production, electricity generation with dye-sensitized solar cells, solid-state hydrogen storage, and electric energy storage with lithium ion rechargeable batteries.

Nanomaterials for renewable energy production and storage

Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have outstanding chemical and thermal stability. The macrocyclic structure and chemical reactivity of tetrapyrroles offers architectural flexibility and facilitates the tailoring of chemical, physical and optoelectronic parameters. The specific optical properties of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle combined with the synthetic methodologies now available and the already available theoretical and spectroscopic knowledge on their optical behavior make porphyrins a target of choice for this area. They are versatile organic nanomaterials with a rich photochemistry and their excited state properties are easily modulated through conformational design, molecular symmetry, metal complexation, orientation and strength of the molecular dipole moment, size and degree of conjugation of the π-systems, and appropriate donor-acceptor substituents. Here we review the structural chemistry and optical properties of recently synthesized porphyrin derivatives that offer potential for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications and complement existing studies on phthalocyanines. Classes of interest include the classic A4 symmetric tetrapyrroles, while optimized systems include push-pull porphyrins, oligomeric and supramolecular self-assembled systems, films and nanoparticle systems, and highly conjugated porphyrin arrays.

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Porphyrins

Mixed metal sulfides (MMSs) have attracted increased attention as promising electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), metal–air batteries (MABs), and water splitting. Compared with monometal sulfides, MMSs exhibit greatly enhanced electrochemical performance, which is largely originated from their higher electronic conductivity and richer redox reactions. In this review, recent progresses in the rational design and synthesis of diverse MMS-based micro/nanostructures with controlled morphologies, sizes, and compositions for LIBs, SIBs, HSCs, MABs, and water splitting are summarized. In particular, nanostructuring, synthesis of nanocomposites with carbonaceous materials and fabrication of 3D MMS-based electrodes are demonstrated to be three effective approaches for improving the electrochemical performance of MMS-based electrode materials. Furthermore, some potential challenges as well as prospects are discussed to further advance the development of MMS-based electrode materials for next-generation electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.

Mixed Metal Sulfides for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion

Stabilized Anode-Electrolyte Interfaces Via Cs4pb(Cl/Br/I)6 Perovskite Crystal Based Glass-Ceramics for Fast and Long Cycle-Life Li-Ion Batteries

The wide band gap of ceria limited the light absorption and photothermal conversion of copper-ceria catalyst for photothermal preferential oxidation of CO (CO-PROX). In the present work, doping Bi element was adopted to regulate the energy band and catalytic performance of CuCeO2−x nanorod catalysts for photothermal CO-PROX. Bi/CuCeO2−x nanorods were synthesized by co-precipitation hydrothermal and deposition precipitation method. The Bi/CuCeO2−x catalyst with the molar ratio of Bi/Ce 2.5% exhibited the best catalytic performance and the CO conversion reached 90% under 2.5 suns with a surface temperature of 120 °C. The doped Bi species were incorporated into the CeO2 lattice and promoted the formation of oxygen vacancy sites and the strong Cu-Ce interaction, as revealed by XRD, XPS, Raman and H2-TPR results. In addition, doping Bi reduced the band gap of ceria nanorod from 2.77 to 2.47 eV and remarkably enhanced the UV–vis light response and photogenerated carrier separation of Bi/CuCeO2−x-2.5. 

Bi-doped CuCeO2−x nanorod catalysts for photothermal CO-PROX in H2-rich streams: Enhanced oxygen vacancy and light absorption capacity

The invention discloses a preparation method for improving cycle performance of a LiMnO2 lithium ion battery positive electrode material by use of graphene. The LiMn2O4-graphene composite positive electrode material is prepared through simply ball-milling graphene and LiMn2O4. Compared with the LiMn2O4 material, the LiMnO2 lithium ion battery positive electrode material has the advantages that because of a three-dimensional conductive frame formed by the graphene, the agglomeration of LiMn2O4 particles is relieved, the volume change of the LiMn2O4 material due to intercalation and deintercalation of Li can be adapted, the intercalation and deintercalation and the charge transfer speed are also increased, and the cyclic performance of the LiMnO2 positive electrode material is more greatly improved. The preparation method is simple in steps, and low in cost; the obtained LiMnO2-graphene positive electrode material is better in conductivity and charge transfer speed than those of the LiMn2O4 material, shows more excellent cyclic performance of a lithium ion battery, and is expected to be popularized and applied in the industrial field of lithium ion batteries.

Preparation method of LiMn2O4-graphene composite positive electrode material

The invention provides a ternary antioxidant. The ternary antioxidant comprises 35-70% by volume of amine compound, 1-5% by volume of ascorbic acid and the balance of phenol or hydroxyl compound. The stable production of high-performance neodymium-iron-boron magnets can be realized by using the ternary antioxidant provided by the invention.

Ternary antioxidant and application thereof

The invention relates to an aluminum alloy/hydroboron hydrolysis reaction-based miniature hydrogen production system and a hydrogen production method thereof, belonging to the field of hydrogen preparation technique. The aluminum alloy/hydroboron hydrolysis reaction-based miniature hydrogen production system comprises a hydrogen production generator and a liquid storage tank, wherein the hydrogen production generator is coated by the liquid storage tank; an outlet at the bottom end of the liquid storage tank is connected with a hydrogen production generator liquid delivery pipe, a liquid delivery control valve, a stainless steel pipe and a reaction region; the top end of the liquid delivery pipe is connected with a hydrogen storage chamber; the hydrogen production generator is divided into a reaction chamber and the hydrogen storage chamber by a separation film; and two symmetrical circular truncated cones are arranged at the bottom of the reaction region. The hydrogen production method of the aluminum alloy/hydroboron hydrolysis reaction-based miniature hydrogen production system is characterized in that the hydroboron solution input velocity of the liquid delivery control valve is regulated to realize the start/stop of the hydrolysis reaction of the hydrogen production system, so as to stabilize the hydrogen pressure of the hydrogen production system. The aluminum alloy/hydroboron hydrolysis reaction-based miniature hydrogen production system and the hydrogen production method have the characteristics of being simple in structure, and safe and reliable, and suitable for supplying hydrogen for portable fuel cells or internal combustion engines.

Aluminum alloy/hydroboron hydrolysis reaction-based miniature hydrogen production system and hydrogen production method

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