Carbon neutralization has been introduced as a long-term policy to control global warming and climate change. As plant photosynthesis produces the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass on Earth, its conversion to biofuels and bioproducts is considered a promising solution for reducing the net carbon release. However, natural lignocellulose recalcitrance crucially results in a costly biomass process along with secondary waste liberation. By updating recent advances in plant biotechnology, biomass engineering, and carbon nanotechnology, this study proposes a novel strategy that integrates the genetic engineering of bioenergy crops with green-like biomass processing for cost-effective biofuel conversion and high-value bioproduction. By selecting key genes and appropriate genetic manipulation approaches for precise lignocellulose modification, this study highlights the desirable genetic site mutants and transgenic lines that are raised in amorphous regions and inner broken chains account for high-density/length-reduced cellulose nanofiber assembly in situ. Since the amorphous regions and inner-broken chains of lignocellulose substrates are defined as the initial breakpoints for enhancing biochemical, chemical, and thermochemical conversions, desirable cellulose nanofibers can be employed to achieve near-complete biomass enzymatic saccharification for maximizing biofuels or high-quality biomaterials, even under cost-effective and green-like biomass processes in vitro. This study emphasizes the optimal thermal conversion for generating high-performance nanocarbons by combining appropriate nanomaterials generated from diverse lignocellulose resources. Therefore, this study provides a perspective on the potential of green carbon productivity as a part of the fourth industrial revolution. 

Integration of advanced biotechnology for green carbon

Effect of chromium stress on metal accumulation and cell wall fractions in Cosmos bipinnatus

The Fragile culm19 (FC19) mutation largely improves plant lodging resistance, biomass saccharification, and cadmium resistance by remodeling cell walls in rice.

Pectin is one of the constituents of the cell wall, distributed in the primary cell wall and middle lamella, affecting the rheological properties and the cell wall stickiness. Pectin methylesterase (PME) and pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) are the most important factors for modifying methyl esterification. In this study, 45 PMEI genes from rice (Oryza sativa L.) were screened by bioinformatics tools, and their structure, motifs, cis-acting elements in the promoter region, chromosomal distribution, gene duplication, and phylogenetic relationship were analyzed. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to edit the OsPMEI12 (LOC_Os03G01020) and two mutant pmei12 lines were obtained to explore the functions of OsPMEI in plant growth and development, and under cadmium (Cd) stress. Compared to wild type (WT) Nipponbare, the second inverted internodes of the mutant plants shortened significantly, resulting in the reduction in plant height at mature stage. The seed setting rate, and fresh and dry weights of the mutants were also decreased in mutant plants. In addition, the pectin methylation of pmei12 lines is decreased as expected, and the pectin content of the cell wall increased at both seedling and maturity stages; however, the cellulose and hemicellulose increased only at seedling stage. Interestingly, the growth of the pmei12 lines was better than the WT in both normal conditions and under two phytohormone (GA3 and NAA) treatments at seedling stage. Under Cd stress, the fresh and dry weights were increased in pmei12 lines. These results indicated that OsPMEI12 was involved in the regulation of methyl esterification during growth, affected cell wall composition and agronomic traits, and might play an important role in responses to phytohormones and stress.

/pdf/crispr-cas9-mutant-rice-ospmei12-involved-in-growth-cell-3gaabctv.pdf

CRISPR/Cas9 Mutant Rice Ospmei12 Involved in Growth, Cell Wall Development, and Response to Phytohormone and Heavy Metal Stress

BsEXLX of engineered Trichoderma reesei strain as dual-active expansin to boost cellulases secretion for synergistic enhancement of biomass enzymatic saccharification in corn and Miscanthus straws

Insights into pectin dominated enhancements for elimination of toxic Cd and dye coupled with ethanol production in desirable lignocelluloses.

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Insights into pectin dominated enhancements for elimination of toxic Cd and dye coupled with ethanol production in desirable lignocelluloses.