Some strains of lactobacilli can exert beneficial effects on a host when ingested in an adequate dose, such as immunoregulation and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, the survival abilities under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, adhesion abilities on HT-29 cell monolayers, and hemolytic activities of four Lactobacillus plantarum strains were assessed. Among the four strains, L. plantarum-12 showed the higher survival rate under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and adhesion index on the HT-29 cell monolayers, exhibited γ-haemolytic activity and had no biological amine producing ability. L. plantarum-12 was administered to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) Balb/c mice by oral gavage for 10 days. It was observed that the UC Balb/c mice showed symptoms of colonic atrophy, intestinal histopathological change, gut microbial disturbance, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. L. plantarum-12 administration remarkably attenuated DSS-induced UC in mice. L. plantarum-12 administration could restore gut microbiota by increasing beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and decreasing intestinal pathogenic bacteria like Proteobacteria. L. plantarum-12 administration could improve immunity via activating the janus kinase-signal transducer and the activator of the transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway and up-regulating adenosine deaminase (ADA) and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 protein (IFIT1), and enforce the intestinal barrier function by up-regulating mucin 2 (MUC2) protein expression. In conclusion, L. plantarum-12 could attenuate DSS-induced UC in Balb/c mice by ameliorating intestinal inflammation, and restoring the disturbed gut microbiota. L. plantarum-12 could be used as promising probiotics to ameliorate colitis.

The ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus plantarum-12 on DSS-induced murine colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized as a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis is still elusive. The gut microbiota exerts important and diverse effects on host physiology through maintaining immune balance and generating health-benefiting metabolites. Many studies have demonstrated that IBD is associated with disturbances in the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Both the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota are dramatically decreased in IBD patients. Furthermore, some particular classes of microbiota-derived metabolites, principally short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, and its metabolites, and bile acids have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this review, we aim to define the disturbance of gut microbiota and the key classes of microbiota-derived metabolites in IBD pathogenesis. In addition, we also focus on scientific evidence on probiotics, not only on the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of probiotics on IBD but also the challenges it faces in safe and appropriate application.

/pdf/disturbances-of-the-gut-microbiota-and-microbiota-derived-20tv9cjk.pdf

Disturbances of the Gut Microbiota and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Short-chain cello-oligosaccharides (COS; degree of polymerization, DP ≤ 6) are promising water-soluble dietary fibers. An efficient approach to their bottom-up synthesis is from sucrose and glucose using glycoside phosphorylases. Here, we show the intensification and scale up (20 mL; gram scale) of COS production to 93 g/L product and in 82 mol % yield from sucrose (0.5 M). The COS were comprised of DP 3 (33 wt %), DP 4 (34 wt %), DP 5 (24 wt %), and DP 6 (9 wt %) and involved minimal loss (≤10 mol %) to insoluble fractions. After isolation (≥95% purity; ≥90% yield), the COS were examined for growth promotion of probiotic strains. Benchmarked against inulin, trans-galacto-oligosaccharides, and cellobiose, COS showed up to 4.1-fold stimulation of cell density for Clostridium butyricum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus but were less efficient with Bifidobacterium sp. This study shows the COS as selectively functional carbohydrates with prebiotic potential and demonstrates their efficient enzymatic production.

Short-Chain Cello-oligosaccharides: Intensification and Scale-up of Their Enzymatic Production and Selective Growth Promotion among Probiotic Bacteria.

Probiotics are thought to have immunomodulatory functions, improve inflammatory disorders and treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we screened a new probiotic strain with anti-inflammatory activity and investigated its effect on the immune cell response and histone acetylation. Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) LH23 inhibited the production of nitric oxide and inflammatory factors induced by lipopolysaccharides in RAW264.7 cells, which was associated with inhibiting the over-activation of the JNK/p38 signaling pathway. Furthermore, L. casei LH23 can significantly ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis in vivo by reducing numbers of macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+) and their secreted inflammatory cytokines. Myeloperoxidase activity was also decreased in mice treated with LH23. The administration of L. casei LH23 induced the increase of CD3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells among mesenteric lymph nodes. Meanwhile, LH23 treatment could augment short chain fatty acid contents. Importantly, we reported here for the first time that DSS treatment significantly decreased the level of histone H3K9 acetylation, while supplementation of L. casei LH23 restored the level of histone H3K9 acetylation in colon tissues. These data suggest that L. casei LH23 may have been beneficial for preventing and treating IBD.

Lactobacillus casei LH23 modulates the immune response and ameliorates DSS-induced colitis via suppressing JNK/p-38 signal pathways and enhancing histone H3K9 acetylation

Catabolism of polyphenols released from mung bean coat and its effects on gut microbiota during in vitro simulated digestion and colonic fermentation.

Multiple articles have confirmed that an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota is closely related to aberrant immune responses of the intestines and to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Probiotic strains have been identified for the treatment and prevention of IBDs. The aim of this study was to screen a new probiotic strain with anti-inflammatory activity and investigate the potential mechanisms underlying its activity. We identified a new probiotic strain, L. lactis ML2018, that has anti-inflammatory properties and was isolated from traditional fermented food. In an in vitro experiment, L. lactis ML2018 prevented the release of nitric oxide (NO) and the production of inflammatory factors induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of L. lactis ML2018 were evaluated using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced animal model of colitis. Oral administration of L. lactis ML2018 significantly ameliorated colitis induced by DSS, which included preventing a decrease in body weight, shortening of the colon length and apoptosis of epithelial cells. L. lactis ML2018 could inhibit DSS-induced intestinal inflammation by preventing the overproduction of proinflammatory factors, suppressing the infiltration of macrophages, controlling the fibrosis, improving the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and upregulating the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Moreover, L. lactis ML2018 could prevent inflammation by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. These data suggest that L. lactis ML2018 could have therapeutic potential for treating IBDs.

Protective effects of a novel probiotic strain, Lactococcus lactis ML2018, in colitis: in vivo and in vitro evidence.

Structural characterization of alkali-extracted jujube polysaccharides and their effects on the fecal microbiota in vitro

α-Mangostin suppresses proliferation and invasion in osteosarcoma cells via inhibiting fatty acid synthase

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Protective effects of a novel probiotic strain, Lactococcus lactis ML2018, in colitis: in vivo and in vitro evidence.

Structural characterization of alkali-extracted jujube polysaccharides and their effects on the fecal microbiota in vitro

α-Mangostin suppresses proliferation and invasion in osteosarcoma cells via inhibiting fatty acid synthase