Chitosan-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in the biomedical field because of their unique biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and antimicrobial nature. Multiple perspectives of the proposed antibacterial effect and mode of action of chitosan-based nanomaterials are reviewed. Chitosan is presented as an ideal biomaterial for antimicrobial wound dressings that can either be fabricated alone in its native form or upgraded and incorporated with antibiotics, metallic antimicrobial particles, natural compounds and extracts in order to increase the antimicrobial effect. Since chitosan and its derivatives can enhance drug permeability across the blood-brain barrier, they can be also used as effective brain drug delivery carriers. Some of the recent chitosan formulations for brain uptake of various drugs are presented. The use of chitosan and its derivatives in other biomedical applications is also briefly discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/10/1960/pdf

Chitosan-based (Nano)materials for Novel Biomedical Applications.

Waste from non-degradable plastics is becoming an increasingly serious problem. Therefore, more and more research focuses on the development of materials with biodegradable properties. Bio-polymers are excellent raw materials for the production of such materials. Bio-based biopolymer films reinforced with nanostructures have become an interesting area of research. Nanocomposite films are a group of materials that mainly consist of bio-based natural (e.g., chitosan, starch) and synthetic (e.g., poly(lactic acid)) polymers and nanofillers (clay, organic, inorganic, or carbon nanostructures), with different properties. The interaction between environmentally friendly biopolymers and nanofillers leads to the improved functionality of nanocomposite materials. Depending on the properties of nanofillers, new or improved properties of nanocomposites can be obtained such as: barrier properties, improved mechanical strength, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties or thermal stability. This review compiles information about biopolymers used as the matrix for the films with nanofillers as the active agents. Particular emphasis has been placed on the influence of nanofillers on functional properties of biopolymer films and their possible use within the food industry and food packaging systems. The possible applications of those nanocomposite films within other industries (medicine, drug and chemical industry, tissue engineering) is also briefly summarized.

The Effect of Nanofillers on the Functional Properties of Biopolymer-based Films: A Review.

Chitosan and chitosan coating nanoparticles for the treatment of brain disease.

Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and brain cancers are difficult to treat with current drugs as their delivery efficacy to the brain is severely hampered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Drug delivery systems have been extensively explored in recent decades aiming to circumvent this barrier. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles have shown enormous potentials owing to their unique properties, such as high tunability, ease of synthesis, and control over drug release profile. However, careful analysis of their performance in effective drug transport across the BBB should be performed using clinically relevant testing models. In this review, polymeric nanoparticle systems for drug delivery to the central nervous system are discussed with an emphasis on the effects of particle size, shape, and surface modifications on BBB penetration. Moreover, the authors critically analyze the current in vitro and in vivo models used to evaluate BBB penetration efficacy, including the latest developments in the BBB-on-a-chip models. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the development of polymeric nanoparticles to combat neurological disorders are discussed.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/advs.202003937

Development of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Blood-Brain Barrier Transfer-Strategies and Challenges.

Recent advances in dextran-based drug delivery systems: From fabrication strategies to applications.

Remodeling the blood-brain barrier microenvironment by natural products for brain tumor therapy.

OBJECTIVE To study the stability of ginsenoside Rg1 before and after being modified by PEG (PEG-Rg1) in isolated rat stomachs. METHOD SD rats, after 18 h of fasting, were randomly divided into the Rg1 group and the PEG-Rg1 group. Rg1 stomach perfusion fluid and PEG-Rg1 infusion fluid were accurately extracted and injected into their stomachs in vitro, with oscillation at 37 degrees C. Samples were taken in different time points and contents of ginsenoside Rg1 were determined by UPLC to observe and compare the stability of ginsenoside Rg1 and PEG-Rg1 in rat stomachs in vitro. RESULT Rg1 in rat stomachs showed poor stability, Rg1 was measured to be 26.8% in 2 h, with degradation of 73.2%. Its stability in PEG-Rg1 was improved in rat stomachs, Rg1 was measured to be 81.8% in 2 h, with degradation of only 18.2%. CONCLUSION PEG-modified ginsenoside Rg1 can enhance the stability of ginsenoside Rg1 in stomach and improve degradation and poor stability of ginsenoside Rg1 in stomach.

Modification and stability of ginsenoside Rg1PEG

OBJECTIVE To investigate targeted distribution of ginsenoside Rg1 in mice tissues before and after modification by the PEG. METHOD SD mice were randomly divided into two groups and given Rg1 and PEG-Rg1 by intravenous injection respectively. Their samples of blood and organ tissues were taken at different time points. The content of Rg1 in samples were determined by UPLC and used as indicator to observe the targeted distribution of Rg1 in mice tissues. RESULT The AUC of ginsenoside Rg1 in tissues of the Rg1 group were in the order of liver, kidney, lung, heart and spleen, with the liver targeting coefficient was of 2.01. While the AUC of ginsenoside Rg1 in tissues of the PEG-modified group were in the order of the kidney, liver, lung, heart, spleen, with the liver targeting coefficient was of 9.21. CONCLUSION PEG modified Rg1 can increase Rg1's targeting selectivity to the liver, kidney and lung in mice.

Tissue distribution of ginsenoside Rg1 before and after modification by PEG

Natural products: Potential therapeutic agents in multiple sclerosis.

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