A key challenge of future mobile communication research is to strike an attractive compromise between wireless network's area spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. This necessitates a clean-slate approach to wireless system design, embracing the rich body of existing knowledge, especially on multiple-input-multiple-ouput (MIMO) technologies. This motivates the proposal of an emerging wireless communications concept conceived for single-radio-frequency (RF) large-scale MIMO communications, which is termed as SM. The concept of SM has established itself as a beneficial transmission paradigm, subsuming numerous members of the MIMO system family. The research of SM has reached sufficient maturity to motivate its comparison to state-of-the-art MIMO communications, as well as to inspire its application to other emerging wireless systems such as relay-aided, cooperative, small-cell, optical wireless, and power-efficient communications. Furthermore, it has received sufficient research attention to be implemented in testbeds, and it holds the promise of stimulating further vigorous interdisciplinary research in the years to come. This tutorial paper is intended to offer a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on SM-MIMO research, to provide a critical appraisal of its potential advantages, and to promote the discussion of its beneficial application areas and their research challenges leading to the analysis of the technological issues associated with the implementation of SM-MIMO. The paper is concluded with the description of the world's first experimental activities in this vibrant research field.

https://hal-supelec.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00840278/document

Spatial Modulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implementation

What is index modulation (IM)? This is an interesting question that we have started to hear more and more frequently over the past few years. The aim of this paper is to answer this question in a comprehensive manner by covering not only the basic principles and emerging variants of IM, but also reviewing the most recent as well as promising advances in this field toward the application scenarios foreseen in next-generation wireless networks. More specifically, we investigate three forms of IM: spatial modulation, channel modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with IM, which consider the transmit antennas of a multiple-input multiple-output system, the radio frequency mirrors (parasitic elements) mounted at a transmit antenna and the subcarriers of an OFDM system for IM techniques, respectively. We present the up-to-date advances in these three promising frontiers and discuss possible future research directions for IM-based schemes toward low-complexity, spectrum- and energy-efficient next-generation wireless networks.

Index Modulation Techniques for Next-Generation Wireless Networks

A new class of low-complexity, yet energy-efficient Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission techniques, namely, the family of Spatial Modulation (SM) aided MIMOs (SM-MIMO), has emerged. These systems are capable of exploiting the spatial dimensions (i.e., the antenna indices) as an additional dimension invoked for transmitting information, apart from the traditional Amplitude and Phase Modulation (APM). SM is capable of efficiently operating in diverse MIMO configurations in the context of future communication systems. It constitutes a promising transmission candidate for large-scale MIMO design and for the indoor optical wireless communication while relying on a single-Radio Frequency (RF) chain. Moreover, SM may be also viewed as an entirely new hybrid modulation scheme, which is still in its infancy. This paper aims for providing a general survey of the SM design framework as well as of its intrinsic limits. In particular, we focus our attention on the associated transceiver design, on spatial constellation optimization, on link adaptation techniques, on distributed/cooperative protocol design issues, and on their meritorious variants.

/pdf/design-guidelines-for-spatial-modulation-4di7fcwiu9.pdf

Design Guidelines for Spatial Modulation

This paper proposes a new multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) technique called quadrature spatial modulation (QSM). QSM enhances the overall throughput of conventional SM systems by using an extra modulation spatial dimension. The current SM technique uses only the real part of the SM constellation, and the proposed method in this paper extends this to in-phase and quadrature dimensions. It is shown that significant performance enhancements can be achieved at the expense of synchronizing the transmit antennas. Additionally, a closed-form expression for the pairwise error probability (PEP) of generic QSM system is derived and used to calculate a tight upper bound of the average bit error probability (ABEP) over Rayleigh fading channels. Moreover, a simple and general asymptotic expression is derived and analyzed. Obtained Monte Carlo simulation results corroborate the accuracy of the conducted analysis and show the significant enhancements of the proposed QSM scheme.

Quadrature Spatial Modulation

Spatial modulation (SM) is an innovative and promising digital modulation technology that strikes an appealing tradeoff between spectral efficiency and energy efficiency with a simple design philosophy. SM enjoys plenty of benefits and shows great potential to fulfill the requirements of future wireless communications. The key idea behind SM is to convey additional information typically through the ON/OFF states of transmit antennas and simultaneously save the implementation cost by reducing the number of radio-frequency chains. As a result, the SM concept can have widespread effects on diverse applications and can be applied in other signal domains, such as frequency/time/code/angle domain or even across multiple domains. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the latest results and progresses in SM research. Specifically, the fundamental principles, variants of system design, and enhancements of SM are described in detail. Furthermore, the integration of the SM family with other promising techniques, applications to emerging communication systems, and extensions to new signal domains are also extensively studied.

A Survey on Spatial Modulation in Emerging Wireless Systems: Research Progresses and Applications

In this paper, we investigate the effect of channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) on the performance of a class of transmission schemes for multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) systems that can be collectively called space modulation (SMod) schemes. Space shift keying (SSK) is a simple example of SMod. In SMod, multiple antennas at the transmitter are employed to spatially modulate the information. The constellation vectors at the receiver are linear combinations of columns of the channel matrix, and therefore, the symbol error rate (SER) performance of the system highly depends on the Euclidean distance between each pair of these vectors. In this paper, we propose two novel methods to design the transmit vectors using CSIT such that the distance between each pair of constellation vectors at the receiver becomes larger, which, in turn, reduces the SER. Whereas in the first method we do not impose any constraint on the structure of the transmit vectors, in the second method, we confine the transmit vectors to have only one nonzero entry, and as such, it can be looked at as a modified SSK (MSSK) transmission scheme. This is to avoid interantenna synchronization (IAS) as only one transmit antenna is active at a time. Compared to SSK, the first method provides a significant performance improvement at the expense of increased complexity at the transmitter due to IAS. The second method provides an appealing SER improvement while keeping the complexity the same as that of SSK. Therefore, one can look at the second method as a modified version of SSK in which instead of transmitting a fixed symbol from one of the transmit antennas, in our proposed method, different transmit powers and phases are assigned to different transmit antennas. As acquiring full CSIT is difficult in some cases, we also consider the case of imperfect CSIT and derive alternative SMod transmission schemes in this case. By simulation, we show that the proposed SMod transmission schemes provide a significant performance improvement in terms of the SER in the presence of full or imperfect CSIT.

Space Modulation With CSI: Constellation Design and Performance Evaluation

Spatial modulation (SM) is a new transmission technique for multi-antenna systems in which the transmit antennas are used to modulate the signal. In this paper, the symbol error rate (SER) performance of SM is investigated. In SM, a signal domain modulation (i.e. amplitude-phase modulation) and an antenna domain modulation (i.e. space shift keying) are combined together to achieve a certain transmission rate while exploiting the properties of two independent modulation domains. A key question is the fine balance between the constellation sizes in the two domains when a constant rate is targeted. For a fixed rate, there are many ways to assign constellation vectors to the spatial and signal domains. In this paper, we investigate optimal constellation breakdown between space and signal domains. The analysis is based on the union bound of the error probability of SM with two typical APM schemes, i.e. phase-shift keying (PSK) and square quadrature amplitude modulation (S-QAM). It is shown that, at any transmission rate, there exists an optimal APM dimension in which the SER is minimized. Furthermore, a trade-off between the number of transmit antennas and the transmit power is introduced.

On the Performance of Spatial Modulation: Optimal Constellation Breakdown

Conventional amplitude-phase modulations (APMs) are designed such that the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points is maximized. Unlike these modulations, the error performance of spatial modulation (SM) is not only a function of the Euclidean distances but also the energy of each symbol, i.e. constellation point. Therefore, conventional APM schemes that are designed solely based on the notion of Euclidean distance are not necessarily suitable for SM transmission. In this paper, the constellation design for SM is investigated and it is shown that, by a proper constellation design, a significant performance gain is obtained compared to the well-known phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It is shown that in many cases multi-ring star-QAM is a suitable constellation for SM. However, when the number of transmit antennas is large, the numerically derived constellation converges to the conventional phase shift keying (PSK) constellation, especially at small number of receive antennas.

Constellation design for spatial modulation

In this paper, the performance of suboptimal detection of spatial modulation (SM) based on the so-called maximum ratio combining (MRC) isinvestigated. In this detection scheme, in contrast to maximum likelihood (ML) detection, transmit antenna index and amplitude-phase modulation(APM) symbols are detected separately in two stages. Therefore, the detection complexity of SM can be significantly reduced. We analyze theinstantaneous and average symbol error rate (SER) of such a detection scheme and compare it with that of the optimal ML detection. Also, we proposean adaptive space modulation scheme to minimize the SER of MRC detection by utilizing the channel state information. Finally, the problem of constellationbreakdown of SM in the presence of the MRC detection for the special case of the phase-shift keying (PSK)-modulated SM is investigated. The derivedanalytical results are further validated using extensive simulations.

On MRC-Based Detection of Spatial Modulation

We study the application of spatial modulation (SM) in overlay cognitive radio (CR) networks, in which the primary and secondary networks work concurrently over the same spectrum band. We assume that the direct link between the primary transmitter and receiver is not available, i.e. broken, and that the CR transmitter assists the primary network as a relay to amplify-and-forward the transmitted symbols of the primary. SM is used in the secondary to split the transmission space into two amplitude-phase modulation (APM) and spatial domains. In the proposed scheme, the secondary transmitter retransmits the primary symbols in APM domain, while its own information is transmitted by the index of transmitting antenna, similar to space shift keying, without causing any interference to the primary receiver. We analyze the performance of the optimal detectors at both the primary and secondary receivers for the case of phase shift keying modulation in terms of the average symbol error rate (ASER). We also study the asymptotic behavior of the ASER at both the primary and secondary at high signal-to-noise ratios. Simulation results show that the SM can be effectively used in overlay CR systems.

Performance Analysis of Spatial Modulation in Overlay Cognitive Radio Communications

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