Motor function involves complex physiologic processes and requires the integration of multiple systems, including neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, and cardiopulmonary, and neural motor and sensory-perceptual systems. Motor-functional status is indicative of current physical health status, burden of disease, and long-term health outcomes, and is integrally related to daily functioning and quality of life. Given its importance to overall neurologic health and function, motor function was identified as a key domain for inclusion in the NIH Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function (NIH Toolbox). We engaged in a 3-stage developmental process to: 1) identify key subdomains and candidate measures for inclusion in the NIH Toolbox, 2) pretest candidate measures for feasibility across the age span of people aged 3 to 85 years, and 3) validate candidate measures against criterion measures in a sample of healthy individuals aged 3 to 85 years (n = 340). Based on extensive literature review and input from content experts, the 5 subdomains of dexterity, strength, balance, locomotion, and endurance were recommended for inclusion in the NIH Toolbox motor battery. Based on our validation testing, valid and reliable measures that are simultaneously low-cost and portable have been recommended to assess each subdomain, including the 9-hole peg board for dexterity, grip dynamometry for upper-extremity strength, standing balance test, 4-m walk test for gait speed, and a 2-minute walk test for endurance.

https://n.neurology.org/content/neurology/80/11_Supplement_3/S54.full.pdf

Cognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox

Despite growing interest in meaning in life, many have voiced their concern over the conceptual refinement of the construct itself. Researchers seem to have two main ways to understand what meaning in life means: coherence and purpose, with a third way, significance, gaining increasing attention. Coherence means a sense of comprehensibility and one’s life making sense. Purpose means a sense of core goals, aims, and direction in life. Significance is about a sense of life’s inherent value and having a life worth living. Although some researchers have already noted this trichotomy, the present article provides the first comprehensible theoretical overview that aims to define and pinpoint the differences and connections between these three facets of meaning. By arguing that the time is ripe to move from indiscriminate understanding of meaning into looking at these three facets separately, the article points toward a new future for research on meaning in life.

The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance

This review investigates the association between positive psychological well-being (PPWB) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We also consider the mechanisms by which PPWB may be linked with CVD, focusing on the health behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleep quality and quantity, and food consumption) and biological functions (e.g., cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic processes) that are most relevant for cardiovascular health. Because PPWB is a broad concept, not all aspects of PPWB may be associated with cardiovascular health. Thus, we distinguish between eudaimonic well-being, hedonic well-being, optimism, and other measures of well-being when reviewing the literature. Findings suggest that PPWB protects consistently against CVD, independently of traditional risk factors and ill-being. Specifically, optimism is most robustly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. In general, PPWB is also positively associated with restorative health behaviors and biological function and inversely associated with deteriorative health behaviors and biological function. Cardiovascular health is more consistently associated with optimism and hedonic well-being than with eudaimonic well-being, although this could be due in part to more limited evidence being available concerning eudaimonic well-being. Some similarities were also evident across different measures of PPWB, which is likely due to measurement overlap. A theoretical context for this research is provided, and suggestions for future research are given, including the need for additional prospective investigations and research that includes multiple constructs of psychological well-being and ill-being.

/pdf/the-heart-s-content-the-association-between-positive-nvx71dm3lk.pdf

The Heart's Content: The Association Between Positive Psychological Well-Being and Cardiovascular Health

The present study was undertaken to identify the congestive heart failure patients by BNP test. To measure BNP levels in Patients with congestive heart disease, to use the BNP in the heart failure treatment and Routine use of BNP assays may help to more rapidly identify patients with heart failure, thereby saving money on unnecessary echocardiograms. In the present study observe the measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the heart failure patients. Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure, is a automated rapid assays have been made available condition in which the heart cannot pump enough to hospital laboratories, an increasing number of oxygenated blood to meet the needs of the body's other studies that were performed by clinical investigators organs. The heart keeps pumping, but not as efficiently as have documented the usefulness of these markers in the a healthy heart. Usually, the loss in the heart's pumping process of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cardiac action is a symptom of an underlying heart problem. Heart disease (5). failure affects nearly 35 million adults in world total The present study was undertaken to identify the population (1). It is on the rise with an estimated 4 congestive heart failure patients by BNP test.To measure to7 millions new cases each year. More than 7.5 million BNP levels in Patients with congestive heart disease , to Indian's suffer from CHF and nearly a million new use the BNP in the heart failure treatment and Routine use cases arise each year. Congestive heart failure (CHF), of BNP assays may help to more rapidly identify patients congestive cardiac failure (CCF) or just heart failure is a with heart failure, thereby saving money on unnecessary condition that can result from any structural or functional echocardiograms. cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood through the

/pdf/rapid-measurement-of-b-type-natriuretic-peptide-in-the-p6hids0dze.pdf

Rapid Measurement of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Diagnosis of Heart Failure

To identify molecular mechanisms underlying the prospective health advantages associated with psychological well-being, we analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles in 80 healthy adults who were assessed for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, as well as potentially confounded negative psychological and behavioral factors. Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being showed similar affective correlates but highly divergent transcriptome profiles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from people with high levels of hedonic well-being showed up-regulated expression of a stress-related conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) involving increased expression of proinflammatory genes and decreased expression of genes involved in antibody synthesis and type I IFN response. In contrast, high levels of eudaimonic well-being were associated with CTRA down-regulation. Promoter-based bioinformatics implicated distinct patterns of transcription factor activity in structuring the observed differences in gene expression associated with eudaimonic well-being (reduced NF-κB and AP-1 signaling and increased IRF and STAT signaling). Transcript origin analysis identified monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes as primary cellular mediators of these dynamics. The finding that hedonic and eudaimonic well-being engage distinct gene regulatory programs despite their similar effects on total well-being and depressive symptoms implies that the human genome may be more sensitive to qualitative variations in well-being than are our conscious affective experiences.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/110/33/13684.full.pdf

A functional genomic perspective on human well-being.

Background: Many patients with heart disease continue to have cardiac events despite receiving optimal treatments for traditional risk factors. Consequently, non-traditional risk factors for heart disease, such as perceived stress, have attracted attention. Associations between perceived stress and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were explored, while controlling for traditional heart disease risk factors. Methods and Results: This cross-sectional study examined 360 male and 446 female (age, >40 years) residents of a rural Japanese community who received annual health checkups in 2006. A lifestyle questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding perceived stress and medical history, and routine anthropometric and blood pressure measurements and a laboratory assessment of cardiovascular risk factors, including plasma BNP concentrations and an electrocardiogram, were done. After adjusting for traditional heart disease risk factors, multiple regression analysis showed that perceived stress was associated with BNP concentrations, particularly in women (F=6.12, P=0.026). In addition, multiple tests using Bonferroni's procedure showed that BNP concentrations decreased with perceived stress level in men and women. Similar trends were observed in the sub-analyses of subjects with and without known heart disease. Conclusions: Perceived stress in our study was negatively associated with plasma BNP concentrations, independently of traditional heart disease risk factors. (Circ J 2009; 73: 1055-1061

Association between perceived stress and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/18/5/18_JE2007388/_pdf

Effect of Having a Sense of Purpose in Life on the Risk of Death from Cardiovascular Diseases

The plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration was recently shown to be inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI). However, very few attempts have been made to associate abdominal obesity and BNP in the Japanese general population. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study, and examined 339 male and 429 female residents without heart disease in a rural Japanese community who received an annual health checkup in 2006. BNP was inversely associated with both BMI and abdominal circumference (AC) in the age-adjusted regression analysis (p 0.60 for BMI). These effects were more prominent in men than in women. Collectively, plasma BNP levels are inversely related with obesity, as measured by AC, in Japanese community-based subjects.

Impact of obesity on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in Japanese community-based subjects

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Association between perceived stress and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations.

Effect of Having a Sense of Purpose in Life on the Risk of Death from Cardiovascular Diseases

Impact of obesity on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in Japanese community-based subjects