https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/Smith%20et%20al%20VP%20review%20BBR%202008%20PROOFS.pdf

Ventral pallidum roles in reward and motivation.

The ventral pallidum: Subregion-specific functional anatomy and roles in motivated behaviors.

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons respond to sensory cues that predict reward. We tested the hypothesis that projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) are involved in driving this DA cell activity. First, the activity of PPTg and DA neurons was compared in a cued-reward associative learning paradigm. The majority of PPTg neurons showed phasic responses to the onset of sensory cues, at significantly shorter latency than DA cells, consistent with a PPTg-to-DA transmission of information. However, unlike DA cells, PPTg responses were almost entirely independent of whether signals were associated with rewards. Second, DA neuron responses to the cues were recorded in free-moving rats during reversible inactivation of the PPTg by microinfusion of local anesthetic. The results showed clear suppression of conditioned sensory responses of DA neurons after PPTg inactivation that was not seen after saline infusion or in non-DA cells. We propose that the PPTg relays information about the precise timing of attended sensory events, which is integrated with information about reward context by DA neurons.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/25/19/4725.full.pdf

Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Controls Conditioned Responses of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Behaving Rats

How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: Evidence from animal studies

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is situated in the upper pons in the dorsolateral portion of the ponto-mesencephalic tegmentum. Its main mass is positioned at the trochlear nucleus level, and is part of the mesenphalic locomotor region (MLR) in the upper brainstem. The human PPN is divided into two subnuclei, the pars compacta (PPNc) and pars dissipatus (PPNd), and constitutes both cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons with afferent and efferent projections to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia (BG), cerebellum, and spinal cord. The BG controls locomotion and posture via GABAergic output of the substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNr). In PD patients, GABAergic BG output levels are abnormally increased, and gait disturbances are produced via abnormal increases in SNr-induced inhibition of the MLR. Since the PPN is vastly connected with the BG and the brainstem, dysfunction within these systems lead to advanced symptomatic progression in Parkinson's disease (PD), including sleep and cognitive issues. To date, the best treatment is to perform deep brain stimulation (DBS) on PD patients as outcomes have shown positive effects in ameliorating the debilitating symptoms of this disease by treating pathological circuitries within the parkinsonian brain. It is therefore important to address the challenges and develop this procedure to improve the quality of life of PD patients.

/pdf/a-review-of-the-pedunculopontine-nucleus-in-parkinson-s-e93cch69wz.pdf

A Review of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease.

Lesions of pontomesencephalic cholinergic nuclei do not substantially disrupt the reward value of medial forebrain bundle stimulation

Lidocaine inactivation of the ventral pallidum affects responding for brain stimulation reward more than it affects the stimulation's reward value.

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Lesions of pontomesencephalic cholinergic nuclei do not substantially disrupt the reward value of medial forebrain bundle stimulation

Lidocaine inactivation of the ventral pallidum affects responding for brain stimulation reward more than it affects the stimulation's reward value.