Water pollution due to waste effluents of the textile industry is seriously causing various health problems in humans. Water pollution with pathogenic bacteria, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other microbes is due to the mixing of fecal material with drinking water, industrial and domestic sewage, pasture and agricultural runoff. Among the chemical pollutants, organic dyes due to toxic nature, are one of the major contaminants of industrial wastewater. Adequate sanitation services and drinking quality water would eliminate 200 million cases of diarrhea, which results in 2.1 million less deaths caused by diarrheal disease due to E. coli each year. Nanotechnology is an excellent platform as compared to conventional treatment methods of water treatment and remediation from microorganisms and organic dyes. In the current study, toxicity and carcinogenicity of the organic dyes have been studied as well as the remediation/inactivation of dyes and microorganism has been discussed. Remediation by biological, physical and chemical methods has been reviewed critically. A physical process like adsorption is cost-effective, but can't degrade dyes. Biological methods were considered to be ecofriendly and cost-effective. Microbiological degradation of dyes is cost-effective, eco-friendly and alternative to the chemical reduction. Besides, certain enzymes especially horseradish peroxidase are used as versatile catalysts in a number of industrial processes. Moreover, this document has been prepared by gathering recent research works related to the dyes and microbial pollution elimination from water sources by using heterogeneous photocatalysts, metal nanoparticles catalysts, metal oxides and enzymes.

Pollution, Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Organic Dyes and their Catalytic Bio-Remediation.

Background Viral and microbial infections constitute one of the most important life-threatening problems. The emergence of new viral and bacterial infectious diseases increases the demand for new therapeutic drugs. Purpose The objective of this study was to use the aqueous and hexane extracts of Lampranthus coccineus and Malephora lutea F. Aizoaceae for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and to investigate its possible antiviral activity. In addition to the investigation of the phytochemical composition of the crude methanolic extracts of the two plants through UPLC-MS metabolomic profiling, and it was followed by molecular docking in order to explore the chemical compounds that might contribute to the antiviral potential. Methods The formation of SNPs was further confirmed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antiviral activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated using MTT assay against HSV-1, HAV-10 virus and Coxsackie B4 virus. Metabolomics profiling was performed using UPLC-MS and molecular docking was performed via Autodock4 and visualization was done using the Discovery studio. Results The early signs of SNPs synthesis were detected by a color change from yellow to reddish brown color. The TEM analysis of SNPs showed spherical nanoparticles with mean size ranges between 10.12 nm to 27.89 nm, and 8.91 nm 14.48 nm for Lampranthus coccineus and Malephora lutea aqueous and hexane extracts respectively. The UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis showed an absorption peak at λmax of 417 nm.The green synthesized SNPs of L. coccineus and M. lutea showed remarkable antiviral activity against HSV-1, HAV-10, and CoxB4 virus. Metabolomics profiling of the methanolic extract of L. coccineus and M. lutea resulted in identifying 12 compounds. The docking study predicted the patterns of interactions between the compounds of L. coccineus and M. lutea with herpes simplex thymidine kinase, hepatitis A 3c proteinase, and Coxsackievirus B4 3c protease, which was similar to those of the co-crystal inhibitors and this can provide a supposed explanation for the antiviral activity of the aqueous and nano extracts of L. coccineus and M. lutea. Conclusion These results highlight that SNPs of L. coccineus and M. lutea could have antiviral activity against HSV-1, HAV-10, and CoxB4 virus.

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Antiviral potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles of Lampranthus coccineus and Malephora lutea.

Biosensor development includes the deposition of (nano)materials onto a conductive electrode surface, which is a crucial step for obtaining improved performance from the constructed biosensors. Various methods have been used to create a successful matrix of (nano)materials that ensures proper contact between the material and electrode surface. The purpose of (nano)material deposition is to provide a high surface area to improve the electroanalytical performance of biosensors by supporting the stable immobilization of enzymes in a more significant quantity as well as enhancing the catalytic or bioaffinity features. For decades, researchers have been using increasingly advanced methods not only for improving sensing performance, but also for improving stability, reproducibility, and mass production. In this review, we summarized the methods used for (nano)material deposition onto an electrode surface for efficient biosensor fabrication. An enhanced and optimized (nano)material deposition method is crucial for the mechanical stability and fabrication reproducibility of electrodes when designing a suitable biosensing device. In addition, we discussed the problems faced during biosensor application as well as the present challenges and prospects for superior deposition methods.

Deposition of nanomaterials: A crucial step in biosensor fabrication

Chitosan-coated cotton cloth supported copper nanoparticles for toxic dye reduction.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an important electron microscopy technique that is capable of achieving a detailed visual image of a particle with high-quality and spatial resolution SEM is a multipurpose state-of-the-art instrument which is largely employed to observe the surface phenomena of the materials The sample is exposed in SEM to the high-energy electron beam and gives information about topography, morphology, composition, chemistry, orientation of grains, crystallographic information, etc of a material, and therefore SEM is a useful tool to be used for the characterization of materials Morphology indicates the shape and size, while topography indicates the surface features of an object or “how it looks”, its texture, smoothness or roughness Likewise, composition means elements and compounds that constitute the material, while crystallography means the arrangement of atoms in the materials This chapter is focused on discussing briefly the SEM technique, its utilization, principle, advancement, operation, samples preparation and applications in materials science We will explain what does SEM mean, what can be done with a SEM, how it functions and what are the different parts of the SEM

Scanning Electron Microscopy: Principle and Applications in Nanomaterials Characterization

Assessment of Anti-bacterial Ni-Al/chitosan Composite Spheres for Adsorption Assisted Photo-Degradation of Organic Pollutants

Here we report a facile synthesis of ZnO coated SiO2 (ZnO@SiO2) nanospheres as high-performance sensing materials for ascorbic acid (AA). ZnO nanospheres were first prepared by a hydrothermal method and then SiO2 was coated over the ZnO nanospheres by a sol–gel process. The sensing properties of the ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres were explored, and it was demonstrated that the ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres are responsive for AA. By comparing the sensing ability of ZnO with ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres, it was deduced that ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres are much more sensitive towards AA as compared to ZnO. The results revealed that ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres have a remarkable sensitivity (0.2232 mA mM−1 cm−2) toward AA with a wide range (0.1–1.5 mM) of detection and a lower limit of detection (64.5 μM). The performance of the sensor was additionally optimized by different scan rates. Thus, ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres could be a prospective material for the production of a sensitive and competent AA sensor.

Amperometric sensor for ascorbic acid using a gold electrode modified with ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres

Ni–Al-layered double-hydroxide photocatalyst for the visible light-assisted photodegradation of organic dye pollutants

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Assessment of Anti-bacterial Ni-Al/chitosan Composite Spheres for Adsorption Assisted Photo-Degradation of Organic Pollutants

Amperometric sensor for ascorbic acid using a gold electrode modified with ZnO@SiO2 nanospheres

Ni–Al-layered double-hydroxide photocatalyst for the visible light-assisted photodegradation of organic dye pollutants