Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010

Recently, the mankind has realized that unless environment is protected, he himself will be threatened by the over consumption of natural resource as well as substantial reduction of fresh air produced in the world Conservation of forests and optimal utilization of agricultural and other renewable resources like solar and wind energies, and recently, tidal energy have become important topics worldwide In such concern, the use of renewable resources such as plant and animal based fibre-reinforce polymeric composites, has been becoming an important design criterion for designing and manufacturing components for all industrial products Research on biodegradable polymeric composites, can contribute for green and safe environment to some extent In the biomedical and bioengineered field, the use of natural fibre mixed with biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers can produce joints and bone fixtures to alleviate pain for patients In this paper, a comprehensive review on different kinds of natural fibre composites will be given Their potential in future development of different kinds of engineering and domestic products will also be discussed in detail

https://site.icce-nano.org/Clients/iccenanoorg/hui%20pub/2009%20natural%20fibre-reinforced%20composites%20for%20bioengineering.pdf

Natural fibre-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications

Power systems are the most complex systems and have great importance in modern life. They have direct impacts on the modernization, economic, political and social aspects. To operate such systems in a stable mode, several control and protection techniques are required. However, modern systems are equipped with several protection schemes with the aim of avoiding the unpredicted events and power outages, power systems are still encountering emergency and mal-operation situations. The most severe emergencies put the whole or at least a part of the system in danger. If the emergency is not well managed, the power system is likely to have cascading failures that might lead to a blackout. Due to the consequences, many countries around the world have research and expert teams who work to avoid blackouts on their systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the major blackouts and cascading events that have occurred in the last decade are introduced. A particular focus is given on the US power system outages and their causes since it is one of the leading power producers in the world and it is also due to the ready availability of data for the past events. The paper also highlights the root causes of different blackouts around the globe. Furthermore, blackout and cascading analysis methods and the consequences of blackouts are surveyed. Moreover, the challenges in the existing protective schemes and research gaps in the topic of power system blackout and cascading events are marked out. Research directions and issues to be considered in future power system blackout studies are also proposed.

A Survey on Power System Blackout and Cascading Events: Research Motivations and Challenges

Climate change, although a natural phenomenon, is accelerated by human activities. Disaster policy response to climate change is dependent on a number of factors, such as readiness to accept the reality of climate change, institutions and capacity, as well as willingness to embed climate change risk assessment and management in development strategies. These conditions do not yet exist universally. A focus that neglects to enhance capacity-building and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. Reducing vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so requires a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional structures and relationships. A focus on development that neglects to enhance governance and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00307.x

Climate change and disaster management

[1] High-elevation tropical mountain regions may be more strongly affected by future climate change than their surrounding lowlands. In the tropical Andes a significant increase in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns will likely affect size and distribution of glaciers and wetlands, ecosystem integrity, and water availability for human consumption, irrigation, and power production. However, detailed projections of future climate change in the tropical Andes are not yet available. Here we present first results for the end of the 21st century (2071‐2100) using a regional climate model (RCM) based on two different emission scenarios (A2 and B2). The model adequately simulates the spatiotemporal variability of precipitation and temperature but displays a cool and wet bias, in particular along the eastern Andean slope during the wet season, December‐ February. Projections of changes in the 21st century indicate significant warming in the tropical Andes, which is enhanced at higher elevations and further amplified in the middle and upper troposphere. Temperature changes are spatially similar in both scenarios, but the amplitude is significantly higher in RCM-A2. The RCM-A2 scenario also shows a significant increase in interannual temperature variability, while it remains almost unchanged in RCM-B2 when compared to a 20th century control run. Changes in precipitation are spatially much less coherent, with both regions of increased and decreased precipitation across the Andes. These results provide a first attempt at quantifying future climate change in the tropical Andes and could serve as input for impact models to simulate anticipated changes in Andean glaciation, hydrology, and ecosystem integrity.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2008JD011021

Climate change projections for the tropical Andes using a regional climate model: Temperature and precipitation simulations for the end of the 21st century

Diagnosis of Drought in Bangladesh using Standardized Precipitation Index

Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) was applied to investigate Gibbs monolayers of ethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (EGDE), spontaneously adsorbed at the interface of air andaqueous EGDE subphase. Brewster angle microscopic images reveal that the EGDE monolayer forms circular domains in a condensed state. The PM-IRRAS measurements reveal a ν a s (CH 2 ) band at 2918.2 cm - 1 and a δ(CH 2 ) band at 1469.2 cm - 1 , indicating respectively the planar trans zigzag conformation and crystalline packing of the -(CH 2 ) 1 1 - chain. The ν a s (C-O-C) mode gives a negative band, implying that the ether linkage preferentially stands up in the Gibbs monolayer. The Gibbs monolayer was successfully transferred onto solid substrates such as Au and CaF 2 , using the conventional Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Infrared transmission and reflection measurements of the transferred monolayer were applied to obtain the anisotropic complex refractive indexes. Using these indexes, the PM-IRRAS spectrum of the EGDE monolayer at the air/subphase interface was simulated and compared to the experimental one. It is concluded that the -(CH 2 ) 1 1 - chain is tilted at 21° with respect to the surface normal and twisted at 56° on the aqueous subphase. The physical act of LB transfer onto solid substrates has caused reorientation of the -(CH 2 ) 1 1 - chain and the ether linkage as well as deterioration of the chain conformational order.

Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy of Gibbs monolayer at the air/water interface

In this work, the effect of some sodium salts on the Krafft temperature (T
 K) and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (C16Cl) in aqueous solution has been studied. It was observed that the T
 K can be modulated to lower and higher values and the CMC can be depressed significantly upon the addition of the electrolytes. More chaotropic Br− and I− raise the T
 K with an increase of the concentration of the ions. On the other hand, less chaotropic NO3
 − initially lowers and then raises the T
 K. Kosmotropic F−, SO4
 2− and CO3
 2− gradually lower the T
 K with increasing concentration of the electrolytes. The more chaotropic ions form contact ion pairs with the surfactant and decrease the solubility with a consequent increase in the T
 K. On the other hand, kosmotropic ions, being extensively hydrated in the bulk, remain separated from the surfactant by hydrated layers of water molecules. As a result, a significant electrostatic repulsion exists between the charged headgroups of the surfactant, resulting in a decrease in the T
 K. The CMC of the surfactant decreases significantly in the presence of these ions. The surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) also decreases in the presence of all the salts except for F−. The electrostatic repulsion between the charged headgroups is significantly reduced because of screening of the surface charge of both micelles and adsorbed monolayers by the associated counterions, resulting in a decrease in both the CMC and γCMC.

Salt-Induced Modulation of the Krafft Temperature and Critical Micelle Concentration of Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium Chloride

Application of latest HEC-RAS version 6 for 2D hydrodynamic modeling through GIS framework: a case study from coastal urban floodplain in India

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844023002359/pdf

Cellulose-based bionanocomposites in energy storage applications-A review

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