Phytophagous insects show specialized feeding habits. In general, each species feeds on a restricted range of taxonomically related plant species and in addition limits its feeding to particular plant parts. Most studies on insect-plant rela­ tionships concern pest species in agricultural systems, which do not show the stability of the insect's original ecosystem. In monocultures host plants of high quality are present over large areas. Despite the biased nature of these in­ teractions, some generations of insects are forced to disperse and must find new host plants on which feeding results in growth and reproduction. (182). Host selection in phytophagous insects consists of a sequence of behavioral re­ sponses to an array of stimuli associated with host and nonhost plants. The insects are equipped with sensory receptors enabling them to perceive these stimuli. Plant stimuli involved include in varying proportions visual, mechani­ cal, gustatory, and olfactory characteristics (158). Plant odors have been considered of minor importance in host selection for many insect species, especially those that perform as r-strategists (93). This view needs to be reconsidered because such insects as aphids (21, 121, 122), whiteflies (173), and rice brown planthoppers (117), possess the full equipment of olfactory receptors and are attracted by host plant odors. In the present review selection was made mainly from the literature of the last 20 years. Floral relationships and social insects were excluded. Readers are invited to consult related reviews (49, 145, 158) as well as Dethier (27) for older Iiterature .

/pdf/host-odor-perception-in-phytophagous-insects-51veq4864u.pdf

Host odor perception in phytophagous insects

The relative importance of adult preferences or specialisations of larval physiology in restricting the host range of five species of Dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) was examined, with particular emphasis on their utilization of cultivated fruits. The species; D. tryoni, D. jarvisi, D. cucumis, D. musae and D. cacuminatus differ widely in host range with D. tryoni being highly polyphagous while D. cacuminatus is virtually monophagous. Laboratory experiments showed that larvae of all species survived and developed in many cultivated fruits in which the specialists never occur in the field. By contrast the oviposition preferences and specificity of adult females differed widely between species. Female D. tryoni oviposited in most species of fruit. The specialised species; D. cucumis, D. musae and D. cacuminatus strongly preferred their usual hosts and would not oviposit in novel fruits even in the absence of the preferred host. In contrast, D. jarvisi consistently preferred its main native host but when this was not offered readily accepted cultivated fruits. These differences in preference are consistent with the pattern of infestation displayed by each species in the field. The study indicate that, in general, the occurrence of these species of Dacus in cultivated fruits is constrained more by the behavioural preferences of adult females than by larval specialisations. A genetic change in some aspect of host recognition or acceptance would be necessary for the specialised species to regularly infest cultivated fruits though no change in larval characteristics may be needed. As the types and concentrations of defensive secondary compounds may differ between native and cultivated fruits this conclusion cannot be extended to host shifts among native fruits.

The roles of adult and larval specialisations in limiting the occurrence of five species of Dacus (Diptera: tephritidae) in cultivated fruits.

The Illinois Natural History Survey celebrated its 125th anniversary in 1983 by hosting a series of special events for its friends and staff. Two of them were the 125th Anniversary Symposium and Luncheon held on 24 September 1983 at Urbana, and the contents of this commemorative bulletin are based on the papers and summary comments presented at those two functions. The proclamation from Governor James R. Thompson, recognizing the importance of the Survey to the people of Illinois (Frontispiece), was read at the luncheon. The papers contributed to the symposium were selected on the basis of recommendations solicited from the staffs of the Survey's research sections: Aquatic Biology, Botany and Plant Pathology, Economic Entomology, Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification, and Wildlife Research. The papers presented by Survey staff members do not adequately reflect either past or present programs in totol, i.e., they are indicative, not definitive.
Editorial Committee: George L. Godfrey, ChairmanJohn K. BousemanWilliam R. EdwardsKenneth R. RobertsonRobert M. Zewadski

/pdf/125-years-of-biological-research-1858-1983-a-symposium-8d9dlj1h5t.pdf

125 years of biological research 1858-1983: a symposium

Electroantennography (EAG) and gas chromatography coupled with electroantenno-graphic detection (GC-EAD) were used to identify volatiles from Alnus glutinosa attractive to Agelastica coerulea. Seven compounds (3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, 2-cyclohexen-1-ol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexanol, 5-alpha-androstan-17-beta-ol, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-androstan-17-one, (Z)-2-(9-octadecenyloxy)-ethanol, and hexadecanoic acid) showed responsiveness to the antenna of A. coerulea. In bioassays, adults and larvae of A. coerulea were attracted to volatiles from A. glutinosa.

Identification of volatiles responsive to the alder leaf beetle (Agelastica coerulea) from its host plant, the Japanese alder (Alnus glutinosa).

Identification of adult fruit flies primarily involves microscopic examination of diagnostic morphological characters, while immature stages, such as larvae, can be more problematic. One of the Australia’s most serious horticultural pests, the Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni: Tephritidae), is of particular biosecurity/quarantine concern as the immature life stages occur within food produce and can be difficult to identify using morphological characteristics. DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene could be employed to increase the accuracy of fruit fly species identifications. In our study, we tested the utility of standard DNA barcoding techniques and found them to be problematic for Queensland Fruit Flies, which (i) possess a nuclear copy (a numt pseudogene) of the barcoding region of COI that can be co-amplified; and (ii) as in previous COI phylogenetic analyses closely related B. tryoni complex species appear polyphyletic. We found that the presence of a large deletion in the numt copy of COI allowed an alternative primer to be designed to only amplify the mitochondrial COI locus in tephritid fruit flies. Comparisons of alternative commonly utilized mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome Oxidase II and Cytochrome b, revealed a similar level of variation to COI; however, COI is the most informative for DNA barcoding, given the large number of sequences from other tephritid fruit fly species available for comparison. Adopting DNA barcoding for the identification of problematic fly specimens provides a powerful tool to distinguish serious quarantine fruit fly pests (Tephritidae) from endemic fly species of lesser concern.

Barcoding Queensland Fruit Flies (Bactrocera tryoni): impediments and improvements.

Fourteen new species of Dacus are described from Cape York Peninsula, northern Queensland: D. (Dacus) bellulus, D. (Pacifodacus) salamander, D. (Bactrocera) absconditus, D. (B.) aeroginosus, D. (B.) antigone, D. (B.) aurantiacus, D. (B.) erubescentis, D. (B.) fuliginus, D. (B.) humilis, D. (B.) peninsularis, D. (B.) perkinsi, D. (B.) romigae, D. (B.) rufofusculus, D. (B.) russeolus. In addition, closely related species are assigned to species complexes and a key provided for the 78 recorded Australian species.

Australian Dacinae (Diptera : Tephritidae): New Species from Cape York Peninsula, a Discussion of Species Complexes and Key to Species

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Australian Dacinae (Diptera : Tephritidae): New Species from Cape York Peninsula, a Discussion of Species Complexes and Key to Species