Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/9/1140/pdf

Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Appetite-Related Hormones: The Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex, and Habitual Physical Activity.

Effects of exercise intensity on plasma concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones: Potential mechanisms

Objective: The evidence was reviewed on how physical activity could influence the regulation of food intake by either adjusting the sensitivity of appetite control mechanisms or by generating an energy deficit that could adjust the drive to eat. Design: Interventionist and correlational studies that had a significant influence on the relationship between physical activity and food intake were reviewed. Interventionist studies involve a deliberate imposition of physical activity with subsequent monitoring of the eating response. Correlational studies make use of naturally occurring differences in the levels of physical activity (between and within subjects) with simultaneous assessment of energy expenditure and intake. Subjects: Studies using lean, overweight, and obese men and women were included. Results: Only 19% of interventionist studies report an increase in energy intake after exercise; 65% show no change and 16% show a decrease in appetite. Of the correlational studies, approximately half show no relationship between energy expenditure and intake. These data indicate a rather loose coupling between energy expenditure and intake. A common sense view is that exercise is futile as a form of weight control because the energy deficit drives a compensatory increase in food intake. However, evidence shows that this is not generally true. One positive aspect of this is that raising energy expenditure through physical activity (or maintaining an active life style) can cause weight loss or prevent weight gain. A negative feature is that when people become sedentary after a period of high activity, food intake is not “down-regulated” to balance a reduced energy expenditure. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that a high level of physical activity can aid weight control either by improving the matching of food intake to energy expenditure (regulation) or by raising expenditure so that it is difficult for people to eat themselves into a positive energy balance.

Physical activity and regulation of food intake: current evidence

This study examines the involvement of two potential mechanisms (lactate and IL-6) that may explain the intensity-dependent effects of acute exercise on appetite-related parameters. Our findings su...

Potential involvement of lactate and interleukin-6 in the appetite-regulatory hormonal response to an acute exercise bout

As obesity continues to be a global epidemic, research into the mechanisms of hunger and satiety and how those signals act to regulate energy homeostasis persists. Peptide YY (PYY) is an acute satiety signal released upon nutrient ingestion and has been shown to decrease food intake when administered exogenously. More recently, investigators have studied how different factors influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Some of these factors include exercise, macronutrient composition of the diet, body-weight status, adiposity levels, sex, race and ageing. The present article provides a succinct and comprehensive review of the recent literature published on the different factors that influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Where human data are insufficient, evidence in animal or cell models is summarised. Additionally, the present review explores the recent findings on PYY responses to different dietary fatty acids and how this new line of research will make an impact on future studies on PYY. Human demographics, such as sex and age, do not appear to influence PYY levels. Conversely, adiposity or BMI, race and acute exercise all influence circulating PYY levels. Both dietary fat and protein strongly stimulate PYY release. Furthermore, MUFA appear to result in a smaller PYY response compared with SFA and PUFA. PYY levels appear to be affected by acute exercise, macronutrient composition, adiposity, race and the composition of fatty acids from dietary fat.

/pdf/factors-affecting-circulating-levels-of-peptide-yy-in-humans-4s4ffkvq7s.pdf

Factors affecting circulating levels of peptide YY in humans: a comprehensive review.

Effects of different modes of exercise on appetite and appetite-regulating hormones.

Appetite after rope skipping may differ between males and females.

American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)のガイド ラインにおいて健康の維持増進のために有酸素運動やレ ジスタンス運動を行うことが推奨されている .しかし ながら,多くの有酸素運動やレジスタンス運動は関節へ の負担があり ,運動が必要である高齢者や肥満者には 傷害の危険性が考えられる.そこで注目が集められてい るのが,浮力により関節への負担が軽減する水中運動で ある.近年,水中運動の中でも,音楽に合わせ運動を行 うアクアビクスは,有酸素性能力の向上のみならず筋力 の向上が期待できること から,スポーツクラブなどで 広く普及している.先行研究によると,水中では浮力に より関節への負担が軽減する ことから,アクアビクス は低体力者,軽肥満者,リハビリテーションを目的とし た者に最適な運動である ことが報告されている.した がって,アクアビクスは幅広い人々を対象とした運動様 式であると考えられる. アクアビクスの運動プログラムは様々な動作のコンビ ネーションによって構成される.しかしながら,アクア ビクスに関する研究はまだ少なく,特にアクアビクスの 各動作に関する研究はほとんどないため,指導者の経験 アクアビクスの基本動作における 運動強度とその決定要因

Exercise intensity and determinants in basic aquabics movements

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Effects of different modes of exercise on appetite and appetite-regulating hormones.

Appetite after rope skipping may differ between males and females.

Exercise intensity and determinants in basic aquabics movements