Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: improving nutrition.

Immune components present in mammary secretions are reviewed. In swine, the histological structure of the placenta prevents in utero transfer of immunoglobulins and mammary secretions are the sole source of maternal antibody for the neonate. In addition to immunoglobulins, porcine mammary secretions contain significant numbers of maternal cells of various types that may contribute to neonatal immunity, including phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), lymphocytes (B and T cells), and epithelial cells. Immunomodulating and/or antimicrobial substances, including lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, and cytokines, are also present in mammary secretions and may contribute to the protection of the neonate. While the role of immunoglobulins in mammary secretions is well understood, the contribution of cellular components and non-specific immune factors to neonatal immunity remains to be defined.

Immune components in porcine mammary secretions.

Antiadenovirus activity of milk proteins: lactoferrin prevents viral infection.

Background. The seroprevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in sub-Saharan Africa suggests that multiple routes of transmission exist. In the present study we examined 2 possible routes of mother-to-child transmission through breast milk and saliva during the first 6 months after delivery. Methods. The prevalence of HHV-8 DNA in the breast-milk cells (n = 75) milk supernatant (n = 56) colostrum (n = 2) and saliva cells (n = 65) of HHV-8-seropositive mothers who recently gave birth was examined. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for the detection of HHV-8 in cross-sectional samples isolated at 2 4 and 6 months after delivery. Results. None of the 75 breast-milk samples but 2 of the colostrum samples that were analyzed contained HHV-8 DNA at a limit of detection of ~1 HHV-8 copy/10(4) cellular genomes whereas Epstein-Barr virus DNA and HIV-1 DNA were detected in 16 and 22 samples respectively. Analysis of 65 saliva cell samples which were obtained from mothers who also provided milk samples revealed that 19 of the samples had detectable HHV-8 DNA. Viral DNA was found at all time points but the presence of viral DNA in saliva was independent of maternal HIV-1 serostatus (?2 = 0.33; P = .57). Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate the lack of HHV-8 DNA in the breast milk of seropositive mothers and they suggest that contact with breast milk is not a likely source of horizontal transmission of virus to infants in sub-Saharan Africa. (authors)

/pdf/distribution-of-kaposi-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus-human-am2urmrlan.pdf

Distribution of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8 in Maternal Saliva and Breast Milk in Zambia: Implications for Transmission

We recently demonstrated that lactoferrin, an antimicrobial glycoprotein, can inhibit adenovirus infection by competing for common glycosaminoglycan receptors. This study further characterizes the antiadenovirus activity of the protein, thus demonstrating that lactoferrin neutralizes infection by binding to adenovirus particles and that its targets are viral III and IIIa structural polypeptides.

Bovine lactoferrin inhibits adenovirus infection by interacting with viral structural polypeptides.

A review and listing of antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasite factors in human breast milk is presented. Also reviewed are the microbial contaminants such as cytomegalovirus and rubella virus, which have recently been shown to infect infants via breast milk, without adverse effects. The retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 have been detected in human milk, with the latter virus probably being transmitted through the milk. These virus contaminants can be destroyed by pasteurization of the human milk.

Microbial contaminants and antimicrobial properties of human milk.

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Microbial contaminants and antimicrobial properties of human milk.