Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most used polymer and also the gold standard for stealth polymers in the emerging field of polymer-based drug delivery. The properties that account for the overwhelming use of PEG in biomedical applications are outlined in this Review. The first approved PEGylated products have already been on the market for 20 years. A vast amount of clinical experience has since been gained with this polymer--not only benefits, but possible side effects and complications have also been found. The areas that might need consideration and more intensive and careful examination can be divided into the following categories: hypersensitivity, unexpected changes in pharmacokinetic behavior, toxic side products, and an antagonism arising from the easy degradation of the polymer under mechanical stress as a result of its ether structure and its non-biodegradability, as well as the resulting possible accumulation in the body. These possible side effects will be discussed in this Review and alternative polymers will be evaluated.

Poly(ethylene glycol) in Drug Delivery: Pros and Cons as Well as Potential Alternatives

Functionalized acenes and heteroacenes for organic electronics.

Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous association of molecules under equilibrium conditions into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates joined by noncovalent bonds. Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Understanding self-assembly and the associated noncovalent interactions that connect complementary interacting molecular surfaces in biological aggregates is a central concern in structural biochemistry. Self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis, with the potential of generating nonbiological structures with dimensions of 1 to 10(2) nanometers (with molecular weights of 10(4) to 10(10) daltons). Structures in the upper part of this range of sizes are presently inaccessible through chemical synthesis, and the ability to prepare them would open a route to structures comparable in size (and perhaps complementary in function) to those that can be prepared by microlithography and other techniques of microfabrication.

Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures

A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

Current status and future perspectives in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are presented. Special emphasis is placed on mechanistic understanding of ATRP, recent synthetic and process development, and new controlled polymer architectures enabled by ATRP. New hybrid materials based on organic/inorganic systems and natural/synthetic polymers are presented. Some current and forthcoming applications are described.

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP): Current Status and Future Perspectives

Well-defined poly(2,7-fluorene) derivatives have been prepared through palladium-catalyzed couplings between various 9,9-disubstituted or 9-monosubstituted 2,7-dibromofluorenes and 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9,9-dioctylfluorene. Using this versatile synthetic method, process- able polyfluorenes have been obtained in good yields. In solution, all these neutral yellow polymers exhibit blue emission (maximum of emission around 410 nm) with high quantum yields (up to 0.87). Moreover, novel acidic polyfluorene derivatives have been synthesized (i.e., poly(2,7'-(alkyl 9,9-dioctyl-7,2'-bifluorene- 9'-carboxylate))s) which show, upon base doping, electrical conductivities of 10-6-10-5 S/cm. This new doping method for conjugated polymers could open the way to the preparation of air-stable electron- injecting electrodes. Both photophysical and electrical properties of these polymers are quite promising for the fabrication of efficient blue-light-emitting devices.

New Well-Defined Poly(2,7-fluorene) Derivatives: Photoluminescence and Base Doping

We report the synthesis of novel fluorene-based π-conjugated polymers and the investigation of their electroluminescent properties in organic light-emitting devices. We also report on the photo- and electroluminescence of materials of the same class whose synthesis was recently published. The alternated incorporation of phenylene or thiophene moieties in fluorene-based π-conjugated polymers leads to the tunability of the electroluminescent properties. The spectral emission varies from blue to green or yellow, depending on the composition of the copolymers. To enhance the luminous efficiency of the devices, the hole injection and hole transport into the polymer were improved by insertion of an insulating buffer layer and the incorporation of efficient hole transport material in the polymer. The insertion of a charge injection layer such as LiF and a hole transport layer such as N,N‘-diphenyl-N,N‘-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4‘-diamine significantly improves the electroluminescence efficiency of the ...

Light-emitting diodes from fluorene-based π-conjugated polymers

pH-sensitive unimolecular polymeric micelles: synthesis of a novel drug carrier.

Purpose The purpose of this work was to synthesize a new amphiphilic diblock copolymer of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and poly(D,L-lactide) (PVP-b-PDLLA) capable of self-assembling into polymeric micelles with multiple binding sites and high entrapment efficiency

Novel Polymeric Micelles Based on the Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-block-poly(D,L-lactide)

Chromic phenomena in regioregular and nonregioregular polythiophene derivatives

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