A comprehensive literature review identifies 1415 species of infectious organism known to be pathogenic to humans, including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths. Out of these, 868 (61%) are zoonotic, that is, they can be transmitted between humans and animals, and 175 pathogenic species are associated with diseases considered to be 'emerging'. We test the hypothesis that zoonotic pathogens are more likely to be associated with emerging diseases than non-emerging ones. Out of the emerging pathogens, 132 (75%) are zoonotic, and overall, zoonotic pathogens are twice as likely to be associated with emerging diseases than non-zoonotic pathogens. However, the result varies among taxa, with protozoa and viruses particularly likely to emerge, and helminths particularly unlikely to do so, irrespective of their zoonotic status. No association between transmission route and emergence was found. This study represents the first quantitative analysis identifying risk factors for human disease emergence.

/pdf/risk-factors-for-human-disease-emergence-3z0gdrxa92.pdf

Risk factors for human disease emergence.

ObjectiveThe Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has developed consensus-based
recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals
if botulinum toxin is used as a biological weapon against a civilian population.ParticipantsThe working group included 23 representatives from academic, government,
and private institutions with expertise in public health, emergency management,
and clinical medicine.EvidenceThe primary authors (S.S.A. and R.S.) searched OLDMEDLINE and MEDLINE
(1960–March 1999) and their professional collections for literature
concerning use of botulinum toxin as a bioweapon. The literature was reviewed,
and opinions were sought from the working group and other experts on diagnosis
and management of botulism. Additional MEDLINE searches were conducted through
April 2000 during the review and revisions of the consensus statement.Consensus ProcessThe first draft of the working group's consensus statement was a synthesis
of information obtained in the formal evidence-gathering process. The working
group convened to review the first draft in May 1999. Working group members
reviewed subsequent drafts and suggested additional revisions. The final statement
incorporates all relevant evidence obtained in the literature search in conjunction
with final consensus recommendations supported by all working group members.ConclusionsAn aerosolized or foodborne botulinum toxin weapon would cause acute
symmetric, descending flaccid paralysis with prominent bulbar palsies such
as diplopia, dysarthria, dysphonia, and dysphagia that would typically present
12 to 72 hours after exposure. Effective response to a deliberate release
of botulinum toxin will depend on timely clinical diagnosis, case reporting,
and epidemiological investigation. Persons potentially exposed to botulinum
toxin should be closely observed, and those with signs of botulism require
prompt treatment with antitoxin and supportive care that may include assisted
ventilation for weeks or months. Treatment with antitoxin should not be delayed
for microbiological testing.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/JAMA/articlepdf/193600/jst00017.pdf

Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management

An updated literature survey identified 1,407 recognized species of human pathogen, 58% of which are zoonotic. Of the total, 177 are regarded as emerging or reemerging. Zoonotic pathogens are twice as likely to be in this category as are nonzoonotic pathogens. Emerging and reemerging pathogens are not strongly associated with particular types of nonhuman hosts, but they are most likely to have the broadest host ranges. Emerging and reemerging zoonoses are associated with a wide range of drivers, but changes in land use and agriculture and demographic and societal changes are most commonly cited. However, although zoonotic pathogens do represent the most likely source of emerging and reemerging infectious disease, only a small minority have proved capable of causing major epidemics in the human population.

/pdf/host-range-and-emerging-and-reemerging-pathogens-112f1m8woq.pdf

Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens.

https://zenodo.org/record/1259935/files/article.pdf

The Global Emergence/Resurgence of Arboviral Diseases As Public Health Problems

Homeostasis in the immune system depends on a balance between the responses that control infection and tumour growth and the reciprocal responses that prevent inflammation and autoimmune diseases. It is now recognized that regulatory T cells have a crucial role in suppressing immune responses to self-antigens and in preventing autoimmune diseases. Evidence is also emerging that regulatory T cells control immune responses to bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. This article explores the possibility that regulatory T cells can be both beneficial to the host, through limiting the immunopathology associated with anti-pathogen immune responses, and beneficial to the pathogen, through subversion of the protective immune responses of the host.

Regulatory T cells: friend or foe in immunity to infection.

Volume 1: virology. Volume 2: systematic bacteriology. Volume 3: bacterial infections. Volume 4: medical mycology. Volume 5: parasitology. Volume 6: cumulative index.

Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial infections

Contents: Vol.1: Virology. _ Vol.2: Systematic bacteriology. _ Vol.3: Bacterial infections. _ Vol.4: Medical mycology. _ Vol.5: Parasitology. _ Vol.6: Cumulative index.

Topley & Wilson`s microbiology and microbial infections

Microbiology and Microbial Infections , Microbiology and Microbial Infections , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Microbiology and Microbial Infections

Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Ninth Edi-

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Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial infections

Topley & Wilson`s microbiology and microbial infections

Microbiology and Microbial Infections

Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Ninth Edi-