The book describes the fundamentals of particle detectors in their different forms as well as their applications, presenting the abundant material as clearly as possible and as deeply as needed for a thorough understanding. The target group for the book are both, students who want to get an introduction or wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject as well as lecturers and researchers who intend to extent their expertise. The book is also suited as a preparation for instrumental work in nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics and in many other fields (addressed in chapter 2). The detection of elementary particles, nuclei and high-energetic electromagnetic radiation, in this book commonly designated as ‘particles’, proceeds through interactions of the particles with matter. A detector records signals originating from the interactions occurring in or near the detector and (in general) feeds them into an electronic data acquisition system. The book describes the various steps in this process, beginning with the relevant interactions with matter, then proceeding to their exploitation for different detector types like tracking detectors, detectors for particle identification, detectors for energy measurements, detectors in astroparticle experiments, and ending with a discussion of signal processing and data acquisition. Besides the introductory and overview chapters (chapters 1 and 2), the book is divided into five subject areas: – fundamentals (chapters 3 to 5), – detection of tracks of charged particles (chapters 6 to 9), – phenomena and methods mainly applied for particle identification (chapters 10 to 14), – energy measurement (accelerator and non-accelerator experiments) (chapters 15, 16), – electronics and data acquisition (chapters 17 and 18). Comprehensive lists of literature, keywords and abbreviations can be found at the end of the book.

Particle detectors : fundamentals and applications

Measurement of the Light Flux of Stars and the Night-Sky with Silicon Photomultipliers

New fast, ultra low-noise UV-enhanced avalanche photodiodes (APD) were recently developed by Excelitas Technologies (formerly PerkinElmer Optoelectronics, Vaudreuil, QC, Canada). for use with scintillation crystals. The novel epitaxial type “buried junction” APD structure was designed for detecting photons with wavelengths shorter than ∼600 nm at high gain with very low dark current. It typically exhibits extremely low noise level (<0.1 pA/√Hz per mm2) up to multiplication gains of 200–300. The photodetecting performance of the UV-enhanced APDs with scintillators of potential interest in the fields of high-energy physics and medical imaging is presented. Energy resolution under 8% at 662 keV and subnanosecond timing resolution for annihilation radiation can be reached with LGSO 90% Lu (45 ns).

New UV-enhanced, ultra-low noise silicon avalanche photodiode for radiation detection and medical imaging

Dustin Hebecker∗ab, Markus Archingerc, Sebastian Böserc, Esther Del Pino Rosendoc, Michael DuVernoisd , Peter Falkee, Carl-Christian Fösigc, Timo Kargb, Lutz Köpkec, Marek Kowalskiab, Krystina Sandc and Delia Tosid aInstitut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin D-12489 Berlin, Germany bDESY D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany cInstitute of Physics, University of Mainz Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany dDept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA ePhysikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany E-mail: dustin.hebecker@desy.de

/pdf/progress-on-the-development-of-a-wavelength-shifting-optical-30zszzpjgd.pdf

Progress on the development of a wavelength-shifting optical module

Telescopes -- far seeing -- have since centuries revealed insights to objects at cosmic distances. Adopted for gamma-ray-astronomy, ground based Cherenkov-telescopes image the faint Cherenkov-light of air-showers induced by cosmic gamma-rays rushing into earth's atmosphere. In the race for the lowest possible energy-threshold for cosmic gamma-rays, these Cherenkov-telescopes have become bigger, and now reached their physical limits. The required structural rigidity for image-quality constrains a cost-effective construction of telescopes with apertures beyond 30 meter in diameter. Moreover, as the aperture increases, the narrower depth-of-field irrecoverably blurs the images what prevents the reconstruction of the cosmic particle's properties. To overcome these limits, we propose plenoptic-perception with light-fields. Our proposed 71 meter Cherenkov-plenoscope requires much less structural rigidity and turns a narrow depth-of-field into three-dimensional reconstruction-power. With an energy-threshold for gamma-rays of one Giga electron Volt, 20 times lower than what is foreseen for the future planned Cherenkov-Telescope-Array (CTA), the Cherenkov-plenoscope could become the portal to enter the sub second time-scale of the highly variable gamma-ray-sky. Also, this doctoral-thesis contains a second part on the prospects of single-photon-perception in Cherenkov-astronomy.

Cherenkov-Plenoscope.

Currently the standard light sensors for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes are the classical photo multiplier tubes that are using bialkali photo cathodes. About eight years ago we initiated an improvement program with the Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) manufacturers Hamamatsu (Japan), Electron Tubes Enterprises (England) and Photonis (France) for the needs of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. As a result, after about 40 years of stagnation of the peak Quantum Efficiency (QE) on the level of 25-27%, new PMTs appeared with a peak QE of 35%. These have got the name super-bialkali. The second significant upgrade has happened very recently, as a result of a dedicated improvement program for the candidate PMT for Cherenkov Telescope Array. The latter is going to be the next generation major instrument in the field of very high energy gamma astrophysics and will consist of over 100 telescopes of three different sizes of 23m, 12m and 4-7m, located both in southern and northern hemispheres. Now PMTs with average peak QE of approximately 40% became available. Also, the photo electron collection efficiency of the previous generation PMTs of 80- 90% has been enhanced towards 95-98% for the new ones. The after-pulsing of novel PMTs has been reduced towards the level of 0.02% for the set threshold of 4 photo electrons. We will report on the PMT development work by the companies Electron Tubes Enterprises and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. show the achieved results and the current status.

Novel Photo Multiplier Tubes for the Cherenkov Telescope Array Project

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is planned as the next generation ground-based instrument (after VERITAS, H.E.S.S. and MAGIC) for astrophysics by means of very high energy γ - rays . The CTA collaboration includes the MAGIC, the H.E.S.S. and the VERITAS collaborations. Also, a large number of astrophysicists from European institutions, from Japan and USA have joined the CTA. The CTA array will comprise about 100 imaging telescopes of three sizes that shall provide one order of magnitude higher sensitivity than the current generation of telescopes. Every telescope will use an imaging camera based on ∼ 2000 PMTs . We have set up a PMT development program with Hamamatsu (Japan) and Electron Tube Enterprises (England) aiming to produce 1.5 in. PMTs of optimized parameters for the CTA project. The entire scientific community, including the medicine and biology, as well as many industrial applications, where a low light level sensors are necessary, may profit from it. Together with PMTs also SiPMs are interesting sensor candidates for the CTA telescopes. One expects about two times higher photon detection efficiency for SiPM compared to PMT. A set of parameters like the photon detection efficiency, cross-talk, afterpulsing, dark rate together with other important factors were evaluated. Here we report on the progress of these developments, based on detailed measurements.

Light sensors selection for the cherenkov telescope array: PMT and SiPM

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Novel Photo Multiplier Tubes for the Cherenkov Telescope Array Project

Novel Photo Multiplier Tubes for the Cherenkov Telescope Array Project

Light sensors selection for the cherenkov telescope array: PMT and SiPM