The role of ROS in tumour development and progression

The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental for embryonic morphogenesis. Cells undergoing it lose epithelial characteristics and integrity, acquire mesenchymal features, and become motile. In cancer, this program is hijacked to confer essential changes in morphology and motility that fuel invasion. In addition, EMT is increasingly understood to orchestrate a large variety of complementary cancer features, such as tumor cell stemness, tumorigenicity, resistance to therapy and adaptation to changes in the microenvironment. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to these various classical and non-classical functions, and introduce EMT as a true tumorigenic multi-tool, involved in many aspects of cancer. We suggest that therapeutic targeting of the EMT process will-if acknowledging these complexities-be a possibility to concurrently interfere with tumor progression on many levels.

Dynamic EMT: a multi-tool for tumor progression.

Epithelial stem cells serve critical physiological functions in the generation, maintenance and repair of diverse tissues through their ability to self-renew and spawn more specialized, differentiated cell types. In an analogous fashion, cancer stem cells have been proposed to fuel the growth, progression and recurrence of many carcinomas. Activation of an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a latent cell-biological programme involved in development and wound healing, has been linked to the formation of both normal and neoplastic stem cells, but the mechanistic basis underlying this connection remains unclear. In this Perspective, we outline the instances where aspects of an EMT have been implicated in normal and neoplastic epithelial stem cells and consider the involvement of this programme during tissue regeneration and repair. We also discuss emerging concepts and evidence related to the heterogeneous and plastic cell states generated by EMT programmes and how these bear on our understanding of cancer stem cell biology and cancer metastasis. A more comprehensive accounting of the still-elusive links between EMT programmes and the stem cell state will surely advance our understanding of both normal stem cell biology and cancer pathogenesis. This Perspective outlines the connections of epithelial–mesenchymal transition programmes to the stem cell state in both normal and cancer stem cells and discusses emerging concepts related to the heterogeneous and plastic cell states generated by an epithelial–mesenchymal transition that influence our understanding of cancer stem cell biology and cancer metastasis.

Linking EMT programmes to normal and neoplastic epithelial stem cells.

Metastasis

Metastasis is initiated and sustained through therapy by cancer cells with stem-like and immune-evasive properties, termed metastasis-initiating cells (MIC). Recent progress suggests that MICs result from the adoption of a normal regenerative progenitor phenotype by malignant cells, a phenotype with intrinsic programs to survive the stresses of the metastatic process, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, enter slow-cycling states for dormancy, evade immune surveillance, establish supportive interactions with organ-specific niches, and co-opt systemic factors for growth and recurrence after therapy. Mechanistic understanding of the molecular mediators of MIC phenotypes and host tissue ecosystems could yield cancer therapeutics to improve patient outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the origins, traits, and vulnerabilities of progenitor cancer cells with the capacity to initiate metastasis in distant organs, and the host microenvironments that support the ability of these cells to evade immune surveillance and regenerate the tumor, is critical for developing strategies to improve the prevention and treatment of advanced cancer. Leveraging recent progress in our understanding of the metastatic process, here we review the nature of MICs and their ecosystems and offer a perspective on how this knowledge is informing innovative treatments of metastatic cancers.

Metastasis-Initiating Cells and Ecosystems

FAT1, which encodes a protocadherin, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers1-5. However, the role and the molecular mechanisms by which FAT1 mutations control tumour initiation and progression are poorly understood. Here, using mouse models of skin squamous cell carcinoma and lung tumours, we found that deletion of Fat1 accelerates tumour initiation and malignant progression and promotes a hybrid epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. We also found this hybrid EMT state in FAT1-mutated human squamous cell carcinomas. Skin squamous cell carcinomas in which Fat1 was deleted presented increased tumour stemness and spontaneous metastasis. We performed transcriptional and chromatin profiling combined with proteomic analyses and mechanistic studies, which revealed that loss of function of FAT1 activates a CAMK2-CD44-SRC axis that promotes YAP1 nuclear translocation and ZEB1 expression that stimulates the mesenchymal state. This loss of function also inactivates EZH2, promoting SOX2 expression, which sustains the epithelial state. Our comprehensive analysis identified drug resistance and vulnerabilities in FAT1-deficient tumours, which have important implications for cancer therapy. Our studies reveal that, in mouse and human squamous cell carcinoma, loss of function of FAT1 promotes tumour initiation, progression, invasiveness, stemness and metastasis through the induction of a hybrid EMT state.

/pdf/fat1-deletion-promotes-hybrid-emt-state-tumour-stemness-and-jcyrk4p3t9.pdf

Fat1 deletion promotes hybrid EMT state, tumour stemness and metastasis.

The bone marrow (BM) is a complex microenvironment in which hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) interact with multiple cell types that regulate their quiescence, growth, and differentiation. These cells constitute local niches where HSPCs are confined and subjected to specific set of physical and biochemical cues. Endothelial cells forming the walls of blood capillaries have been shown to establish a vascular niche, whereas osteoblasts lying along the bone matrix organize the endosteal niche with distinct and specific impact on HSPC fate. The observation of the interaction of HSPCs with niche cells, and the investigation of its impact on HSPCs behavior in vivo is hindered by the opacity of the bone matrix. Therefore, various experimental strategies have been devised to reconstitute in vitro the interaction of HSPCs with distinct sets of BM-derived cells. In this chapter, we present a method to manufacture a pseudo BM-on-a-chip with separated compartments mimicking the vascular and the endosteal niches. Such a configuration with connected but distant compartments allowed the investigation of the specific contribution of each niche to the regulation of HSPC behavior. We describe the microfabrication of the chip with a maskless photolithography method that allows the iterative improvement of the geometric design of the chip in order to optimize the adaptation of the multicellular architecture to the specific aim of the study. We also describe the loading and culture of the various cell types in each compartment.

Manufacturing a Bone Marrow-On-A-Chip Using Maskless Photolithography.

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Fat1 deletion promotes hybrid EMT state, tumour stemness and metastasis.

Manufacturing a Bone Marrow-On-A-Chip Using Maskless Photolithography.