Typical applications and research areas of polymeric biomaterials include tissue replacement, tissue augmentation, tissue support, and drug delivery. In many cases the body needs only the temporary presence of a device/biomaterial, in which instance biodegradable and certain partially biodegradable polymeric materials are better alternatives than biostable ones. Recent treatment concepts based on scaffold-based tissue engineering principles differ from standard tissue replacement and drug therapies as the engineered tissue aims not only to repair but also regenerate the target tissue. Cells have been cultured outside the body for many years; however, it has only recently become possible for scientists and engineers to grow complex three-dimensional tissue grafts to meet clinical needs. New generations of scaffolds based on synthetic and natural polymers are being developed and evaluated at a rapid pace, aimed at mimicking the structural characteristics of natural extracellular matrix. This review focuses on scaffolds made of more recently developed synthetic polymers for tissue engineering applications. Currently, the design and fabrication of biodegradable synthetic scaffolds is driven by four material categories: (i) common clinically established polymers, including polyglycolide, polylactides, polycaprolactone; (ii) novel di- and tri-block polymers; (iii) newly synthesized or studied polymeric biomaterials, such as polyorthoester, polyanhydrides, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polypyrroles, poly(ether ester amide)s, elastic shape-memory polymers; and (iv) biomimetic materials, supramolecular polymers formed by self-assembly, and matrices presenting distinctive or a variety of biochemical cues. This paper aims to review the latest developments from a scaffold material perspective, mainly pertaining to categories (ii) and (iii) listed above. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Biodegradable polymers applied in tissue engineering research: a review

Microparticles offer various significant advantages as drug delivery systems, including: (i) an effective protection of the encapsulated active agent against (eg enzymatic) degradation, (ii) the possibility to accurately control the release rate of the incorporated drug over periods of hours to months, (iii) an easy administration (compared to alternative parenteral controlled release dosage forms, such as macro-sized implants), and (iv) Desired, pre-programmed drug release profiles can be provided which match the therapeutic needs of the patient This article gives an overview on the general aspects and recent advances in drug-loaded microparticles to improve the efficiency of various medical treatments An appropriately designed controlled release drug delivery system can be a foot ahead towards solving problems concerning to the targeting of drug to a specific organ or tissue, and controlling the rate of drug delivery to the target site The development of oral controlled release systems has been a challenge to formulation scientist due to their inability to restrain and localize the system at targeted areas of gastrointestinal tract Microparticulate drug delivery systems are an interesting and promising option when developing an oral controlled release system The objective of this paper is to take a closer look at microparticles as drug delivery devices for increasing efficiency of drug delivery, improving the release profile and drug targeting In order to appreciate the application possibilities of microcapsules in drug delivery, some fundamental aspects are briefly reviewed Keywords : Drug delivery systems; Microcapsules; Controlled release; Microencapsulation

/pdf/microencapsulation-a-promising-technique-for-controlled-drug-16dvytnqp9.pdf

Microencapsulation: a promising technique for controlled drug delivery

Drug delivery has become increasingly important mainly due to the awareness of the difficulties associated with a variety of old and new drugs Of the many polymeric drug delivery systems, biodegradable polymers have been used widely as drug delivery systems because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability The majority of biodegradable polymers have been used in the form of microparticles, from which the incorporated drug is released to the environment in a controlled manner The factors responsible for controlling the drug release rate are physicochemical properties of drugs, degradation rate of polymers, and the morphology and size of microparticles This review discusses the conventional and recent technologies for microencapsulation of the drugs using biodegradable polymers In addition, this review presents characteristics and degradation behaviors of biodegradable polymers which are currently used in drug delivery

/pdf/biodegradable-polymers-for-microencapsulation-of-drugs-3yo6434c4y.pdf

Biodegradable Polymers for Microencapsulation of Drugs

Major progresses in the development of parenteral sustained-release systems have been made in recent years as evidenced by the regulatory approval and market launch of several new products. Both the availability of novel carrier materials and the advances in method of fabrication have contributed to these commercial successes. With the formulation challenges associated with biologics, new delivery systems have also been evolved specifically to address the unmet needs in the parenteral sustained release of proteins. In this review paper, different new carriers systems and preparation methods are discussed with special focus on their applications to biologicals.

Current advances in sustained-release systems for parenteral drug delivery.

Introduction: Polymeric microspheres have been established as a valuable parenteral drug delivery system for sustained release of therapeutic agents via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Areas covered: Biodegradable polymers which are either synthetic or from natural sources are reviewed with respect to recent advances in exploring their applications for microsphere fabrications. New information on the impact of formulation variables on the properties of microspheres formed by an emulsion method was also presented. The characterization of microspheres using advanced physical analytical techniques was also reviewed and the utilization of the information in assessing in vivo performance of the product was also highlighted. Expert opinion: The broad clinical use of microspheres for delivery of therapeutic agents in particular biologics such as proteins has not been realized commercially. The limited availability of biodegradable polymers with a long history of regulatory approval and the challenges in...

Recent advances in polymeric microspheres for parenteral drug delivery – part 1

Laboratory-scale spray-congealing equipment was utilized to fabricate injectable microparticles consisting of polyorthoester and bupivacaine. Operating conditions for the spray-congealing process were optimized to produce microparticles with the desired shape and particle size to yield acceptable syringeability and injectability. Characterizations were performed to determine the chemico-physical properties of polyorthoester before and after microparticle fabrication. Microparticles with different drug loadings and comparable particle sizes were produced, and their in vitro drug-release profiles were determined. The in vitro drug release of microparticles with a high drug loading was markedly faster than those with a low drug loading. This is partially attributed to a more significant initial burst-drug release of the microparticles with a high drug loading. The microparticles have demonstrated the potential to be used for long-acting postsurgery pain management by local injection.

In vitro characterization of polyorthoester microparticles containing bupivacaine.

IDF21-0113 Design of a precision medicine GAD-alum immunotherapy Phase III clinical trial in Type 1 Diabetes

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In vitro characterization of polyorthoester microparticles containing bupivacaine.

IDF21-0113 Design of a precision medicine GAD-alum immunotherapy Phase III clinical trial in Type 1 Diabetes