1. Clarification: The 2013 Guidelines make a distinction between euthanasia, humane killing, and slaughter, and state that neither slaughter nor humane killing is covered in the document P.68, S6.1.1. Not included among the definitions of these terms are ending the lives of healthy animals or scientific collection of animals. For clarification, whatever the term used, classification of the method, or reason given for killing animals: euthanasia, humane killing, slaughter, harvest, depopulation, scientific collection, or research-related, the Council on Accreditation’s foremost concern, in all situations, is with humane technique. The goal of humane technique is to minimize pain, distress, and the negative effect to the animal. The technique employed should result in rapid loss of consciousness followed by cardiac or respiratory arrest and, ultimately, a loss of brain function. Although complete absence of pain and distress is preferred, it is understood that it cannot always be achieved P7.13.2.

https://works.bepress.com/cheryl_greenacre/14/download/

AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition

https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=acwp_arte

Defining and assessing animal pain

Over the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in the ethical aspects related to the use of animals in research, with particular attention to pain and distress associated with experimental procedures. Back in 1992, the National Research Council (NRC) published the report Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals. Although pain and distress are often addressed together as components of the animal’s wellbeing, they differ from the physiological and management point of view. The significant scientific progress made since the publication of the first report made an update necessary, and quite rightly, the NRC decided to address both arguments separately. In 2008 it published Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals and now comes the present title that deals with the recognition and alleviation of pain in various vertebrate species used in research. The two reports can be read independently but readers interested in animal welfare should benefit from reading both together. Contributions to the book came from members of the NRC’s Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals, and the draft report was peerreviewed by a group of individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. This extensive review procedure combined with the participation of professionals in the field with different backgrounds ensures that the final report represents a broad view within the laboratory animal science community. The book starts with a very practical Glossary of commonly used terms followed by a brief Summary and Introduction that sets the background and states the purpose of the report. The report itself is organized into five chapters and takes the reader through a logical sequence. The first chapter introduces the definition of pain, underlining the differences between nociception and pain, and analyses the evidence available to support the underlying premise of the book that all vertebrates can experience (conscious) pain. The main argument dealt with on the second chapter is the physiological and anatomical basis of nociception and pain, helping to thoroughly understand the difference between both, and more importantly the implications for animal welfare. In the last part of the book, the authors deal with the more practical aspects and dedicate the next two chapters to recognize and assess the intensity of pain in animals and the strategies adopted to effectively manage pain in a research setting. The review includes all methods currently available such as behavioural assessment, measurement of nociceptive responses (analgesiometry tests), use of biomarkers and brain activity imaging. A broad range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies to prevent or treat pain is described in depth. Last but certainly not least comes a chapter covering the important issue of humane endpoints, which in a research setting is central to any strategy dedicated to reduce or avoid unnecessary pain and distress, without compromising the scientific validity of the studies. In addition, specific issues in each chapter are further developed within boxes, and the chapter ends up with concise conclusions and recommendations, as well as an updated list of references. This structure has the advantage of allowing different reading levels according to the needs and interests of the readers. The book is well written and easy to follow, even for those readers not familiar with the subject. Each chapter can be read independently, with the disadvantage that some of basic concepts are treated more than once making it redundant on occasions (particularly at the beginning). The Commission has included information on the treatment and management of pain for the less common laboratory animal species (birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians) based on the wider availability of practical data for the most common species. I feel that the addition of an appendix including such data for all laboratory species would improve the final result and allow this report to become a reference handbook in the field. Although the conclusions and recommendations section at the end of each chapter represents the view of the authoring committee, the report leaves space to different views and to debate the more controversial or undefined issues. This approach together with the large number of references given allows the reader to enter into the arguments and develop a personal view. I would highly recommend this book to a wide audience, from laboratory animal veterinarians who need to keep abreast of new developments in the field, to researchers who want to find a deeper insight into the behaviour of the animals they use.

https://lan.sagepub.com/content/44/4/380.full.pdf+html

Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals

Herpetology. By Kenneth R. Porter. Pp. xi + 524. (W. B. Saunders: Philadelphia, London and Toronto, 1972.) £6.60; $15.50.

/pdf/reptiles-and-amphibians-53mus7c3wf.pdf

Reptiles and Amphibians

Cancer is ubiquitous in wildlife, affecting animals from bivalves to pachyderms and cetaceans. Reports of increasing frequency demonstrate that neoplasia is associated with substantial mortality in wildlife species. Anthropogenic activities and global weather changes are shaping new geographical limitations for many species, and alterations in living niches are associated with visible examples of genetic bottlenecks, toxin exposures, oncogenic pathogens, stress and immunosuppression, which can all contribute to cancers in wild species. Nations that devote resources to monitoring the health of wildlife often do so for human-centric reasons, including for the prediction of the potential for zoonotic disease, shared contaminants, chemicals and medications, and for observing the effect of exposure from crowding and loss of habitat. Given the increasing human footprint on land and in the sea, wildlife conservation should also become a more important motivating factor. Greater attention to the patterns of the emergence of wildlife cancer is imperative because growing numbers of species are existing at the interface between humans and the environment, making wildlife sentinels for both animal and human health. Therefore, monitoring wildlife cancers could offer interesting and novel insights into potentially unique non-age-related mechanisms of carcinogenesis across species.

Cancer in wildlife: patterns of emergence.

Objective—To test the hypothesis that administration of butorphanol or morphine induces antinociception in bearded dragons and corn snakes. Design—Prospective crossover study. Animals—12 juvenile and adult bearded dragons and 13 corn snakes. Procedures—Infrared heat stimuli were applied to the plantar surface of bearded dragon hind limbs or the ventral surface of corn snake tails. Thermal withdrawal latencies (TWDLs) were measured before (baseline) and after SC administration of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (equivalent volume to opioid volumes), butorphanol tartrate (2 or 20 mg/kg [0.91 or 9.1 mg/lb]), or morphine sulfate (1, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg [0.45, 2.27, 4.5, 9.1, or 18.2 mg/lb]). Results—For bearded dragons, butorphanol (2 or 20 mg/kg) did not alter hind limb TWDLs at 2 to 24 hours after administration. However, at 8 hours after administration, morphine (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly increased hind limb TWDLs from baseline values (mean ± SEM maximum increase, 2.7 ± 0.4 seconds and 2.8 ...

Analgesic efficacy of butorphanol and morphine in bearded dragons and corn snakes

Animal welfare and conservation breeding have overlapping and compatible goals that are occasionally divergent. Efforts to improve enclosures, provide enriching experiences, and address behavioral and physical needs further the causes of animal welfare in all zoo settings. However, by mitigating stress, increasing behavioral competence, and enhancing reproduction, health, and survival, conservation breeding programs must also focus on preparing animals for release into the wild. Therefore, conservation breeding facilities must strike a balance of promoting high welfare, while minimizing the effects of captivity to increase population sustainability. As part of the Hawaii Endangered Bird Conservation Program, San Diego Zoo Global operates two captive breeding facilities that house a number of endangered Hawaiian bird species. At our facilities we aim to increase captive animal welfare through husbandry, nutrition, behavior-based enrichment, and integrated veterinary practices. These efforts help foster a captive environment that promotes the development of species-typical behaviors. By using the "Opportunities to Thrive" guiding principles, we outline an outcome-based welfare strategy, and detail some of the related management inputs, such as transitioning to parental rearing, and conducting veterinary exams remotely. Throughout we highlight our evidence-based approach for evaluating our practices, by monitoring welfare and the effectiveness of our inputs. Additionally we focus on some of the unique challenges associated with improving welfare in conservation breeding facilitates and outline concrete future steps for improving and evaluating welfare outcomes that also meet conservation goals.

/pdf/animal-welfare-in-conservation-breeding-applications-and-32ooducbxu.pdf

Animal Welfare in Conservation Breeding: Applications and Challenges.

For ectothermic vertebrates, such as reptiles, the effects of opioid receptor subtype activation on breathing are poorly understood. On the basis of previous studies on mammals and lampreys, we hyp...

Inhibitory and excitatory effects of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptor activation on breathing in awake turtles, Trachemys scripta

The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in American white pelicans (Pelecanuserythrorhynchos). Twenty-one zoo-housed American white pelicans were manually restrained for noninvasive ocular diagnostic testing and complete ophthalmic examination. Tear production quantification using the phenol red thread test (PRTT), fluorescein staining, and intraocular pressure (IOP) evaluation were performed. In addition, conjunctival aerobic bacterial culture and culture-independent 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed on select eyes. Normal variations and ocular abnormalities detected during complete ophthalmic examination were documented and photographed. Direct pupillary light reflex, menace response, and palpebral reflex were present in all birds. The value (mean ± SD) for PRRT and IOP was 14.9 ± 7.84 mm/15 sec and 9.0 ± 1.41 mm Hg oculus uterque, respectively. Conjunctival culture in nine birds revealed no growth for six birds and Staphylococcus aureus growth in three birds. A high relative abundance of Mycoplasma sp. was detected in all samples based on 16S rRNA sequencing. The normal pelican eye was found to have relative conjunctival hyperemia, absent filoplumes, iris color ranging from light blue to brown, and a subcircular vertically elongated pupil. Ophthalmic abnormalities were noted in 10 of 21 birds. Common findings included corneal fibrosis, cataracts, and asteroid hyalosis. The most common ophthalmic abnormality in this species was cataracts.

/pdf/ocular-findings-and-select-ophthalmic-diagnostic-tests-in-6gd8j8x24n.pdf

Ocular findings and select ophthalmic diagnostic tests in captive american white pelicans (pelecanus erythrorhynchos)

Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a gammaretrovirus that has been identified in both captive and free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with variable geographic distribution in Australia. KoRV is capable of both exogenous and endogenous transmission, which provides an interesting research platform for scientists to study active retrovirus endogenization into a host genome and offers veterinary scientists an opportunity to examine the clinical consequences of KoRV infection in koalas. Causation between KoRV and frequently recognized clinical conditions associated with immune suppression and neoplasia in koalas has not been definitively established, however research continues to evaluate a potential association. Three KoRV variants, KoRV-A, KoRV-B, and KoRV-J, have been the most thoroughly described and preliminary evidence suggests KoRV variability may be fundamental in host pathogenicity. In addition to reviewing what is currently known about KoRV, this article discusses treatment, management, and...

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-47/issue-2/2015-0185.1/KOALA-RETROVIRUS-A-REVIEW/10.1638/2015-0185.1.pdf

Koala retrovirus: a review.

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