Experimental validation of the numerical model of air, heat and moisture flow in an indoor swimming pool

In previous years, providing comfort in indoor environments has become a major question for researchers. Thus, indoor environmental quality (IEQ)—concerning the aspects of air quality, thermal comfort, visual and acoustical quality—assumed a crucial role. Considering sport facilities, the evaluation of the thermal environment is one of the main issues that should be faced, as it may interfere with athletes’ performance and health. Thus, the necessity of a review comprehending the existing knowledge regarding the evaluation of the thermal environment and its application to sport facilities becomes increasingly relevant. This paper has the purpose to consolidate the aspects related to thermal comfort and their application to sport practice, through a deep study concerning the engineering, physiological, and psychological approaches to thermal comfort, a review of the main standards on the topic and an analysis of the methodologies and the models used by researchers to determine the thermal sensation of sport facilities’ occupants. Therefore, this review provides the basis for future research on the determination of thermal comfort in indoor sport facilities located in moderate environments.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/12/769/pdf

Determination of Thermal Comfort in Indoor Sport Facilities Located in Moderate Environments: An Overview

Various modeling approaches have been developed and applied to predict the heat and mass transfer phenomena within buildings. As the theoretical basis, these transfer phenomena play a significant role in the estimation and prediction of building load and energy consumption. In consideration of the complexity of the phenomena observed, the results expected, the parameters investigated, and the degree of accuracy required, these modeling approaches can be represented with three models: Multi-zone models, Zonal models, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. In the application of these models in building load and energy simulation, selecting an appropriate model is an essential step, which mainly depends on four factors, including the level of accuracy needed, the problem to be solved, the computational time and resources that can be affordable, as well as the level of experience the users have. The importance of utilizing an appropriate model, however, is usually ignored by designers, engineers, and researchers. Therefore, in this paper, a literature review is carried out including the basic theories and the development and application of these modeling approaches used in building load and energy simulations. The major objective of this paper is to give building designers and/or researchers a better understanding of the models used for building load estimation and energy simulation in order to provide a reference for them to select an appropriate model for their needs. The study primarily reveals that the use of zonal/CFD modeling approaches in building simulation still rests on the theory research stage, but these modeling approaches define the direction for future development in building load estimation and energy modeling. Compared to CFD models, which use large memory and computer resources, zonal models could be a more possible substitute for single-/multi-zone models in building energy simulation in consideration of the current development of computer techniques and the unpopularity of high performance computing.

A review of the development of airflow models used in building load calculation and energy simulation

Simulation of airflow with heat and mass transfer in an indoor swimming pool by OpenFOAM

Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative effects on human health of water disinfectants used in swimming pools. Among the disinfection options, the approaches using chlorine-based products have been typically preferred. Chlorine readily reacts with natural organic matter that are introduced in the water mainly through the bathers, leading to the formation of potentially harmful chlorination by-products (CBPs). The formation of CBPs is of particular concern since some have been epidemiologically associated with the development of various clinical manifestations. The higher the concentration of volatile CBPs in the water, the higher their concentration in the air above the pool, and different routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming pools (water ingestion, skin absorption, and inhalation) contribute to the individual exposome. Some CBPs may affect the respiratory and skin health of those who stay indoor for long periods, such as swimming instructors, pool staff, and competitive swimmers. Whether those who use chlorinated pools as customers, particularly children, may also be affected has been a matter of debate. In this article, we discuss the current evidence regarding the health effects of both acute and chronic exposures in different populations (work-related exposures, intensive sports, and recreational attendance) and identify the main recommendations and unmet needs for research in this area.

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools

Public indoor swimming pools are a very popular type of sports facility. They need to ensure good indoor air quality and thermal comfort of the occupants (TCO) while reducing their energy consumption. The objectives of this study are to develop a numerical code, based on the zonal method; to investigate the indoor airflow patterns; and to determine the TCO in the indoor swimming pool. The numerical simulation, performed using the TRNSYS software (version 17), is validated against intensive field measurements, carried out in the public indoor swimming pool located at Bishop’s University (Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada), of the temperature, velocity, and relative humidity of the air as well as the surface temperature of the walls, ceiling, and floor. The developed code is then used to study the indoor flow patterns and to evaluate the TCO using three indexes: the humidex chart, the predicted mean vote (PMV), and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD). The results show a hot-humid rather uncomfortable atmosphere is prevailing in the occupied parts of the studied indoor swimming pool. The calculated airflow rates show that, due to the position of the ventilation inlets and outlets, most of the ventilation air circulates in the upper part of the building causing an insufficient air renewal in the occupied parts of the studied indoor swimming pool.

Numerical analysis and field measurements of the airflow patterns and thermal comfort in an indoor swimming pool: a case study

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Numerical analysis and field measurements of the airflow patterns and thermal comfort in an indoor swimming pool: a case study