[서평]「Component Software」 - Beyond Object-Oriented Programming -

In 1998, Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman, together with thirty distinguished experts in high-performance computing and networking, laid the foundations of a new computing model called GRID. Their vision was introduced in the book, The GRID: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure (see review, SCPE Vol. 3, No. 3 ). The editors wrote: … A computational grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities… allowing new classes of applications to emerge… as yet, we have only a preliminary understanding of what these new applications will look like. Over the next five years, Grid computing became the hottest R&D field. Academia and national labs built experimental infrastructures, new startups were established to develop Grid technologies, and the HPC giant vendors joined the party. Each one pushed in a different direction based on what and how he believed Grid computing should look. It was only a matter of time until people started to ask what the Grid is all about. A survey of ten Grid experts produced ten different answers. The question remains without a clear answer, leaving many people confused. Ian Foster picked up the gloves. In his article, What is the GRID? A three point checklist (GRIDtoday, July 22, 2002: Vol. 1, No. 6), he redefines the Grid model to reflect the trades and changes in the field during the past five years. According to Foster, a Grid is a system that: Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control. Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces. Delivers a nontrivial quality of service. But Foster's new definition could not encompass all of the Grid's approaches. Moreover, Foster explained by example what the Grid is not: A cluster management system such as Sun's Sun Grid Engine, Platform's Load Sharing Facility, or Viridian's Portable Batch System can, when installed on a parallel computer or local area network, deliver quality of service guarantees and thus constitutes a powerful Grid resource. However, such a system is not a Grid itself, due to its centralized control of the hosts that it manages Within a week the responses started to come in. The first one was from Wolfgang Gentzsch, Director of Grid computing at Sun Microsystems (GRIDtoday, August 5, 2002: Vol. 1, No. 8). Gentzsch wrote: I very much like Ian's two earlier definitions. Combined, they may provide a very generic Grid definition. The new checklist, however, reduces the potential of a wide and rich variety of Grids, with different architectures, operational models, and applications, and may miss the chance to becoming widely accepted as a standard definition of the Grid. Why do we need a definition for the Grid? Can the Grid be defined? Is a definition is necessary to the Grid's development? The Grid is an open vision and thus cannot be defined. An attempt to define the Grid can only reach the foreseen technology horizon, and this horizon is only one to two years ahead. Grid computing is a paradigm in shift. New architectures and standards are changing the shape and direction of the Grid's development. In the past year one such prominent architecture was Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA). The OGSA is the first attempt to bridge the gap between two cyberspace worlds: the Internet and the Grid. The Internet and the Grid are two different computing models. There are people who believe that the Grid is the next generation of the Internet and the World Wide Web, saying that the Great Global Grid is still many years away. Others state that the Grid will complement, not replace, the Internet as we know it. In 1998, when the Grid blueprint was published, a new Internet language appeared called eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XML is a development tool for a new Internet computing model known as Web Services. At that time, nobody understood that there is a relationship between Web Services and the Grid. Three years past before Steve Tuecke from Argonne National Laboratory started to write a spec for Grid Services. Later, people from IBM joined the mission and together they created OGSA. The OGSA specification outlines interfaces to grid computing software that comply with Web Services standards. If adopted, Grid services such as job scheduling, authentication, failure-detection, staging of applications and data, and migration of applications and data, will all be accessed through standard Web Services architecture. OGSA is basically where Grid meets Web Services and maybe the first step towards full integration of the Internet and the Grid. The Internet appeared a decade ago. In the beginning, the Net offered primitive applications: a mailing system, ftp services, and a web of home pages. Nobody asked, What is the Internet? The years passed and new emerging Internet technologies were developed. Today we can talk on the phone over the Net, chat with friends, and video conference with colleagues on the other side of the world. New computing and business models were developed: e-commerce, e-learning, e-science, and e-you-name-it. And nobody asks what the Internet is. The Grid is a super-model, a bag of networking models associated with many types of architectures, software packages, applications, and standards. Today, when people talk about the Grid they mention Data Grids, Science Grids, and Campus Grids. And at the same time they mention Farm computing, Peer-to-peer computing, and Utility computing, among others. Ten years from now many of today's technologies will disappear and new ones will be developed. I don't know how Grid computing will look a decade from now, but I know that we will have g-commerce, g-learning, g-science, and g-chat. Nobody will ask what the Grid is. It will be obvious, just as the Internet is today. Ami Marowka The Computer Aided Design Laboratory School of Engineering and Computer Science Hebrew University of Jerusalem

What is the GRID

Grid systems provide access to huge storage and computing resources at large scale. While they have been mainly dedicated to scientific computing for years, grids are now considered as a viable solution for hosting data-intensive applications. To this end, databases are replicated over the grid in order to achieve high availability and fast transaction processing thanks to parallelism. However, achieving both fast and consistent data access on such architectures is challenging at many points. In particular, centralized control is prohibited because of its vulnerability and lack of efficiency at large scale. In this article, we propose a novel solution for the distributed control of transaction routing in a large scale network. We leverage a cluster-oriented routing solution with a fully distributed approach that uses a large scale distributed directory to handle routing metadata. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of our implementation through experimentation: results expose linear scale-up, and transaction routing time is fast enough to make our solution eligible for update intensive applications such as world wide online booking.

/pdf/dtr-distributed-transaction-routing-in-a-large-scale-network-2cst99igkq.pdf

DTR: Distributed Transaction Routing in a Large Scale Network

Les applications scientifiques d'aujourd'hui, telles les simulations de grands phenomenes naturels, requierent une grande puissance de calcul ainsi qu'une importante capacite de stockage. Les grilles de calcul apparaissent comme une solution permettant d'atteindre cette puissance par la mise en commun de ressources de differentes organisations. Ces architectures presentent en revanche des caracteristiques rendant leur programmation complexe: elles sont dynamiques, heterogenes, reparties a grande echelle. Cette these s'interesse aux problematiques liees a la conception d'un service de partage de donnees pour les grilles de calcul. L'objectif est de permettre un acces transparent aux donnees, en automatisant la localisation, le transfert, la gestion de la persistance et de la coherence des donnees partagees. Nous nous sommes plus particulierement concentres sur la gestion de la coherence et de la persistance des donnees en environnement dynamique. Dans un tel contexte, assurer la persistance necessite la mise en place de mecanismes de tolerance aux fautes. Nous proposons une approche pour gerer conjointement ces deux aspects via une architecture logicielle multiprotocole permettant de coupler differents protocoles de coherence avec differents mecanismes de tolerance aux fautes. Nous proposons une conception hierarchique de cette architecture, adaptee a la topologie reseau des grilles de calcul. Ces contributions ont ete mises en oeuvre au sein du service de partage de donnees pour grilles JUXMEM. Les experimentations menees sur la grille experimentale Grid'5000 montrent que notre conception hierarchique permet d'ameliorer les performances des acces aux donnees partagees.

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00411447/document

Gestion des données dans les grilles de calcul : support pour la tolérance aux fautes et la cohérence des données

Todays scientific applications have huge data requirements which continue to increase drastically every year. These data are generally accessed by many users from all across the the globe. This implies a major necessity to move huge amounts of data around wide area networks to complete the computation cycle, which brings with it the problem of efficient and reliable data placement. The current approach to solve this problem of data placement is either doing it manually, or employing simple scripts which do not have any automation or fault tolerance capabilities. Our goal is to make data placement activities first class citizens in the Grid just like the computational jobs. They will be queued, scheduled, monitored, managed, and even check-pointed. More importantly, it will be made sure that they complete successfully and without any human interaction. We also believe that data placement jobs should be treated differently from computational jobs, since they may have different semantics and different characteristics. For this purpose, we have developed Stork, a scheduler for data placement activities in the grid.

Stork: Making data placement a first class citizen in the grid

La quantite importante de ressources offertes par les grilles de calcul permet d'envisager la resolution de problemes de plus en plus complexes. La programmation simple et efficace de tels environnements est un veritable defi. La plupart des travaux realises dans ce domaine ont vise a elaborer des modeles de programmation offrant une gestion efficace et transparente de la puissance de calcul offerte par les grilles de calcul. Toutefois, la gestion des donnees dans de telles infrastructures est comparativement rudimentaire. Elle reste a la charge des developpeurs d'applications sur de nombreux aspects: localisation des donnees, coherence, tolerance aux fautes, etc. La contribution de ce travail de doctorat est de specifier le concept de service de partage de donnees pour grilles, afin d'integrer aux modeles de programmation actuels un modele d'acces transparent aux donnees. Notre proposition s'inspire essentiellement des systemes a memoire virtuellement partagee (MVP) et des systemes pair-a-pair (P2P). Cette approche hybride a pour objectif de conserver les points forts des systemes a MVP (transparence et gestion de la coherence) grâce a une organisation fondee sur les points forts des systemes P2P (passage a l'echelle et tolerance aux fautes). Afin de valider notre concept de service de partage de donnees, nous proposons une architecture appelee JuxMem (pour Juxtaposted Memory) ainsi qu'une implementation s'appuyant sur la specification P2P JXTA. Cette mise en oeuvre a ete validee par son integration dans deux modeles de programmation, utilises pour concevoir les applications s'executant sur les grilles de calcul: le modele Grid-RPC et les modeles a base de composants logiciels. Les benefices de notre approche ont ete evalues a grande echelle sur la grille experimentale Grid'5000. Ce manuscrit decrit egalement deux autres contributions qui se situent dans le contexte de l'utilisation de techniques P2P, pour la construction d'intergiciels destines aux grilles de calcul. Au-dela de notre objectif premier, qui a ete d'adapter JXTA pour permettre une mise en oeuvre efficace de notre service, ces contributions ont une portee plus generale. Elles concernent d'une part l'utilisation de la plate-forme P2P jxta sur les grilles de calcul et d'autre part a l'optimisation de ses couches de communication dans ce contexte particulier d'execution.

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425078/document

JUXMEM : un service de partage transparent de données pour grilles de calcul fondé sur une approche pair-à-pair

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JUXMEM : un service de partage transparent de données pour grilles de calcul fondé sur une approche pair-à-pair