Technology and market perspective for indoor photovoltaic cells

With the ongoing worldwide development of IoT, an unprecedented number of IoT devices imperatively consume a substantial amount of energy. IoT devices have been predicted to be the leading energy guzzler in Information and Communications Technology by 2020. In considering the finite amount of brown energy sources along with their potential harmful impacts to the climate and environment, we propose to leverage "free" green energy to power IoT devices and revolutionarily enable wireless charging of these devices. Specifically, we propose to green IoT in three steps, namely, ambient green energy harvesting, green energy wireless charging and green energy balancing, in which the latter step reinforces the former step to ensure the availability of green energy. We lay out the basic design principles for these three steps, shed some light on the solutions and present the corresponding challenges individually.

Toward Green IoT: Energy Solutions and Key Challenges

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.201901980

Tailoring Triple‐Anion Perovskite Material for Indoor Light Harvesting with Restrained Halide Segregation and Record High Efficiency Beyond 36%

A highly crystalline non-fullerene acceptor enabling efficient indoor organic photovoltaics with high EQE and fill factor

Advantages, challenges and molecular design of different material types used in organic solar cells

A 50 mm ${\times } \,\, 20$ mm ${\times } \,\, 15$ mm indoor photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting power module (IPEHPM) has been developed for powering an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor node containing a low-power CO2 sensor for automatic building ventilation It is composed of a high efficiency PV energy harvesting module and a supercapacitor to produce 36–42 V output voltage with 100 mA pulse current for up to 600 ms Storage efficiency analysis and storage efficiency tests of the IPEHPM have demonstrated that with the adopted simple power management scheme, which exempts the commonly used power management blocks of the voltage regulator and the maximum power point tracking to save power, 887% average storage efficiency has been achieved at 200 lux With the newly established PV powering model, the power consumption requirements of an IoT node can be directly converted into the illumination requirements of the PV energy harvester, making the IPEHPM easy to use IPEHPM powered IoT experiments with a low-power CO2 gas sensor have demonstrated that the IPEHPM is suitable for IoT-based building ventilation applications, where the CO2 concentration level is measured every 150 s at the indoor lighting condition down to 200 lux

Development of an Indoor Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting Module for Autonomous Sensors in Building Air Quality Applications

We report the fabrication of four-period GaN-based air-gap distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) using wet etching of sacrificial AlInN layers. The epitaxial structure grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy consists of four GaN/Al0.83In0.17N pairs. The sacrificial AlInN layers are selectively under-etched in hot nitric acid to form the air-gap DBR in micro-bridges. Micro-reflectivity spectra exhibiting flat and well defined stop-bands are observed, with peak reflectivities >99% at 590 nm and ~74% at 400 nm. The full-width half maximum of the widest stop-band is 170 nm in agreement with transmission matrix simulations. Such devices are robust and offer an attractive basis for GaN-based microlasers and microcavities.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/APEX.2.121003/pdf

Highly Reflective GaN-Based Air-Gap Distributed Bragg Reflectors Fabricated Using AlInN Wet Etching

A multi-junction photovoltaic structure which includes a first photovoltaic sub-cell having at least one junction, a second photovoltaic sub-cell having at least one junction and having a band gap smaller than a smallest band gap of the first photovoltaic sub-cell, and an interlayer that provides optical coupling between the first and second photovoltaic cells, wherein the interlayer has a physical thickness substantially similar or less than a vacuum wavelength of light corresponding to a smallest band gap of the second photovoltaic sub-cell.

Mechanical stacking structure for multi-junction photovoltaic devices and method of making

A photovoltaic energy harvesting (PVEH) device (8) comprises a single-junction photovoltaic cell (11). The photovoltaic cell includes a light converting element made (24, 25) of a wide band-gap III-V active material spectrally matched to an ambient light source, a light receiving side that is free from front metal contact gridlines, and at least one discrete metal contact element (10) placed on the light receiving side that realizes power extraction. The active material of the light converting element may be made of (Al)GalnP compounds. The active material of the light converting element may be spectrally matched to ambient light in the form of at least one of an artificial light source and natural sunlight, and combinations thereof. The PVEH device may have a plurality of photovoltaic cells inter-connected in series to achieve a higher open-circuit voltage. A total fractional power loss due to series resistance, shunt resistance and contact shading is less than 20%.

Highly efficient photovoltaic energy harvesting device

This paper introduces an Autonomous Smart Sensing Card (ASSC), an embedded system that will be powered indoors and outdoors by harvested energy, have miniaturized dimensions and serve multi-sensorial IoT applications for smart living and working environments. It will consist of a combination of newly developed and optimized off-the-shelf or close-to-commercialization technologies such as PV harvesters, energy storage and power management units, MCUs and sensors, all packed with a form factor under 3mm in thickness. The system will introduce technical breakthroughs that will boost further miniaturization, a small footprint, ultra-low power consumption as well as short- and long-range communications.

/pdf/amanda-an-autonomous-self-powered-miniaturized-smart-sensing-385kwh6z7z.pdf

AMANDA: An Autonomous Self-Powered Miniaturized Smart Sensing Embedded System

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