Abstract Fossil fuel is the main energy resource in Indonesia with oil as the dominant fuel (44.1% of primary energy consumption) in 2017. But fossil fuel is not environmentally friendly and non-renewable. Thus, there is a need for alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel. Biodiesel from nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil can provide a promising future as a renewable fuel resource. The used of CaO catalyst from eggshell waste is also profitable, and microwave radiation can help the biodiesel production process run more effectively. Optimization of parameters such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, and transesterification time was performed by using Box-Behnken design. Combinations between biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with CaO catalyst using microwave and treated with Box-Behnken design is considered a new and modern method with optimization of the parameters which affect the transesterification process. The result showed that at a microwave power of 325.24 W, a concentration of catalyst of 3.88%, and a transesterification time of 12.47 min can produce an optimal yield of biodiesel of 98.9079% with the reliability of 92.37%.

Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters

This study presents a systematic approach in utilizing the large amount of oil palm mill residues that are loosely-bounded and have low energy density The rate of waste materials (palm kernel shell, palm fiber and empty fruit bunches) generated by oil palm mills amounted to about 34 million tonnes in 2010 Efforts have been made to increase the energy density of the loosely-bounded waste materials, in which solid fuel briquettes made of densified oil palm residues would contribute towards a more efficient utilization of the waste material This work focused on determining a fuel briquette with an optimum ratio of waste materials mixtures that has considerably high heating value and good mechanical properties As part of the densification process, the waste material was pulverized and then compacted using a 200 kN force into 40 mm diameter briquettes The heating values, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and burning profile of the briquettes were studied The end result was an optimised solid fuel with relatively high energy content made from a suitable mixing ratio of the different palm oil mill residues and an appropriate binder to ensure acceptable mechanical strength

A Study of Biomass Fuel Briquettes from Oil Palm Mill Residues

As a major crude palm oil exporter Malaysia contributed 51% of the world’s palm oil production in 2010, large amounts of waste material was generated from the palm oil extracting process from which 4.46 million tonnes were palm kernel shell, 7.73 million tonnes were mesocarp fibre and 21.34 million tonnes were empty fruit bunches. One of the major technical challenges in utilizing biomass waste material as a solid fuel is the handling and storage issues of loose and wet waste material. A solution to improving the handling and storage properties of loosely-bound oil palm mill residues is proposed in this work via a densification process known as fuel briquetting. Raw palm oil waste material was pulverized and compacted with a 159 MPa pressing pressure to form 40 mm diameter fuel briquettes. The Fuel briquettes made from the different types and combinations of palm oil mill residues were explored for optimum storage and handling features. It was found that a fuel briquette with a 60:40 palm kernel shell to mesocarp fiber ratio using waste paper as its binding agent gave the best mechanical properties without sacrificing the combustion properties of the solid fuel.

An experimental investigation on the handling and storage properties of biomass fuel briquettes made from oil palm mill residues.

Densiﬁcation of biomass feedstocks, such as pelletizing, can increase bulk density, improve storability, reduce transportation costs, and ease the handling of biomass using existing handling and storage equipment for grains. In order to study the pelletizing process, compost pellets were produced under controlled conditions. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of raw material properties and the die geometry on the true density of formed pellets and also find the optimal conditions of the densification process for producing pellets with high density. Compost was extruded into cylindrical pellets utilizing open-end dies under axial stress from a vertical piston applied by a hydraulic press. The effects of independent variables, including the raw material moisture content (35 to 45% (wet basis)), hammer mill screen size (0.3 to 1.5 mm), speed of piston (2 to 10 mm/s), and die length (8 to 12 mm) on pellet density, were determined using response surface methodology. A quadratic model was proposed to predict the pellet density, which had high F and R2 values along with a low p value, indicating the predictability of the model. Moisture content, speed of piston, and particle size significantly affected (P 0.05).

https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/download/BioRes_07_4_4704_Zafari_Kianmehr_Raw_Material_Die_Geometry_Pellets_Compost/1717

Effect of raw material properties and die geometry on the density of biomass pellets from composted municipal solid waste

Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was used to monitor and optimize species-specific interaction of trihalomethane (THM) precursors in a scaled-up distribution network (DN). Independent variables such as applied chlorine (Cl2), contact time (t), humic acid (HA) and bromide ions (Br−) were analyzed using full factorial CCD. Analysis of variance revealed a good agreement between experimental data and proposed a two-factor interaction model (p = .04, R2 = 0.7983). As a precursor, Cl− and Br− interaction with HA affected THMs’ speciation. These precursor molecules were perceived least significant as discrete elements but HA: Br− and pH product significantly impacted total trihalomethane (TTHM) formation (r = 0.998, p = .007). This mutual interactive fraction was observed pH-dependent and influenced TTHM yield. Dibromochloromethane and bromoform formation was observed pH-dependent provided sufficient Br− in the system. Applied chlorine had significant (p = .01), whil...

/pdf/species-specific-interaction-of-trihalomethane-thm-1t8pmtjty5.pdf

Species-specific interaction of trihalomethane (THM) precursors in a scaled-up distribution network using response surface methodology (RSM).

Response Surface Methodology Approach to Optimizing Process Variables for the Densification of Rice Straw as a Rural Alternative Solid Fuel

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Masrianto

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Response Surface Methodology Approach to Optimizing Process Variables for the Densification of Rice Straw as a Rural Alternative Solid Fuel