Heavy metal pollution in surface water is a global environmental problem. This study analyzed the trends, health risks, and sources of eight dissolved heavy metal species in river and lake water across five continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America; Oceania was excluded owing to a lack of data) for the period 1970-2017. We wanted to assess the effects of various implemented countermeasures to pollution and to determine those that could be adopted worldwide. Collectively, the water system showed increasing trends for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Fe and decreasing trends for Pb and Zn. The mean dissolved concentrations of most heavy metals were highest in Asia and lowest in Europe. Most heavy metals had low non-carcinogenic risks over this period. The cancer risks associated with Pb were lower than the hazardous level on all five continents over the five decades, whereas the cancer risks related to Cr exceeded the hazardous level in the 1970s, 2000s, and 2010s, and in Africa, Asia, and North America over the entire period. Mining and manufacturing were consistently found to be critical sources of metal pollution from 1970 to 2017. However, the heavy metal sources differed significantly by continent, with waste discharge and rock weathering dominant in Africa; mining and manufacturing, along with rock weathering, are dominant in Asia and South America; fertilizer and pesticide use, along with rock weathering, are dominant in North America; and mining and manufacturing, waste discharge, and rock weathering are dominant in Europe. Global trends in the metal loadings in water and in relevant pollution-control measures suggest that countermeasures in Europe have successfully controlled heavy metal pollution. The successful measures include implementing rigorous standards for metal emissions, limiting the metal concentrations in products, and rigorously treating metal-contaminated waste. Therefore, the measures implemented in Europe should be extended worldwide to treat heavy metal pollution in water.

Trends and Health Risks of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Water from 1970 to 2017.

Heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, and Cu) were traced in a model of the aqueous food chain in the Aras River, located in northwest of Iran. The selected model included the zander (Sander lucioperca L.) and crustacean species known as amphipods (Gammarus sp.) which belong to the food chain of this ray-finned fish. A total of 172 samples (70 fish and 102 amphipods) were collected randomly and analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that the accumulation of heavy metals in both taxa are in the order of As > Pb > Cd > Cu, and concentrations of heavy metals in fish muscle are higher than Gammarus sp. in all stations in different seasons. Specimens of station (1) displayed the highest heavy metal content due to local industrial activities. The recorded concentrations of As, Pb, and Cd exceed the permissible limits. There is a close correlation between the concentrations of heavy metals in the amphipods and zanders. Target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR) were calculated to assess risks to human health. The average of THQ for As (1.43) exceeded the international standards and presenting health risks to the consumers of this fish species. The TTHQ for heavy metals was estimated higher than 1. At all stations, the value of CRCd > 1 × 10-3 indicating the degree of carcinogenicity of this metal in all parts of the Aras River. Therefore, according to our results, efficient control measures and regular biomonitoring should be established in this region. 

/pdf/trophic-transfer-bioaccumulation-and-health-risk-assessment-2t4qv9wh.pdf

Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in Aras River: case study—Amphipoda- zander – human

Monitoring contamination in river water is an expensive procedure, particularly for developing countries where pollution is a significant problem. This study was conducted to provide a pollution monitoring strategy that reduces the cost of laboratory analysis. The new monitoring strategy was designed as a result of cluster and regression analysis on field data collected from an industrially influenced river. Pollution sources in the study site were coal mining, metallurgy, chemical industry, and metropolitan sewage. This river resembles those in other areas of the world, including developing countries where environmental monitoring is financially constrained. Data were collected on variability of contaminant concentrations during four seasons at the same points on tributaries of the river. The variables described in the study are pH, electrical conductivity, inorganic ions, trace elements, and selected organic pollutants. These variables were divided into groups using cluster analysis. These groups were then tested using regression models to identify how the behavior of one variable changes in relation to another. It was found that up to 86.8% of variability of one parameter could be determined by another in the dataset. We adopted 60, 65, and 70% determination levels () for accepting a regression model. As a result, monitoring could be reduced by 15 (60% level) and 10 variables (65 and 70%) out of 43, which comprises 35 and 23% of the monitored variable total. Cost reduction would be most effective if trace elements or organic pollutants were excluded from monitoring because these are the constituents most expensive to analyze.

Reducing Monitoring Costs in Industrially Contaminated Rivers: Cluster and Regression Analysis Approach

A novel analysis of critical water pollution in the transboundary Aras River using the Sentinel-2 satellite images and ANNs

Investigation of heavy metals in the bed sediments of wetlands can be used as an appropriate index for determining environmental quality of wetlands. In this study, the concentration of lead (Pb), ...

Evaluation of Pb, Zn and Cd focusing on IPI, PI and Igeo in Sediments of Hashilan Wetland, Iran

Aras (situated on the frontier river) is one of Iran’s important rivers which is situated on the west North of the country. The concentration of heavy metals in this river was studied around Ardabil province during the 1389 in all four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). The cluster analysis technique with the help of the results gained from density of metals like (Zn, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Cd) was used in the water of Aras river for classifying quality of the river. Accord- ing to the gained results from the cluster analysis, the stations were divided into three groups with high pollution (HP), medium pollution (MP) and low pollution (LP). In general, S3, S5 stations with high pollution, S2, S4 stations with medium pollution and S1 station with low pollutions are classified in the water of Aras River.

/pdf/heavy-metal-distributions-in-water-of-the-aras-river-ardabil-2el33nlcbc.pdf

Heavy Metal Distributions in Water of the Aras River, Ardabil, Iran

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Heavy Metal Distributions in Water of the Aras River, Ardabil, Iran