Reduced transition metal colloids: a novel family of reusable catalysts

The photo-induced synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) was reviewed with a closer look at those based on photochemistry. Recent developments in metal NPs research, photochemistry, and photoprocessing techniques have allowed researchers to devise various photo-induced synthetic strategies to obtain metal NPs under a variety of conditions. We begin by outlining the classical method. The photochemical synthesis of metal NPs including direct photoreduction and photosensitization has been developed to achieve decent yields. We focused on stabilization and functionalization method of NPs in photochemical synthesis, which has enabled us to fabricate a variety of metal nanostructures and composite materials. In addition, we mention an alternative approach, that is, laser ablation at the solid–liquid interface. Some of the most innovative studies dealing with the three-dimensional fabrication of metal NPs are highlighted, together with new directions such as potential applications for a light-driven actuator, bioimaging, and three-dimensional processing. This review is concluded with the future perspectives for the photo-induced synthesis of metal NPs.

Light as a construction tool of metal nanoparticles : Synthesis and mechanism

Laser ablation method: use of surfactants to form the dispersed Ag nanoparticles

A comprehensive study of the ketone-photoinduced formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from gold ions in aqueous and micellar solution has been carried out. Ketones are good photosensitizers for nanoparticle synthesis not because of the energy they can absorb or deliver but rather because of the reducing free radicals they can generate; thus, efficient nanoparticle generation requires a careful selection of substrates and experimental conditions to ensure that free-radical generation occurs with high quantum efficiency and that gold ion precursors do not cause UV screening of the organic photosensitizers. A key consideration in achieving AuNP synthesis with short exposure times is minimizing excited-state quenching by gold ions; this can be achieved by temporal or spatial segregation or a combination of the two. Temporal segregation can be accomplished by using unimolecular precursors, such as benzoins, that yield ketyl radicals from triplet precursors with lifetimes of a few nanoseconds. Spatial segreg...

Photochemical strategies for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Au(III) and Au(I) using photoinduced free radical generation.

“The possibility of using colloidal silver and gold as condensors for electron storage in artificial photosynthesis has prompted the recent renewed interest in these areas.” This statement by Fendler and co-workers in 1983 is even more relevant in today's science and technology. In this tutorial review we summarize research regarding the use of light in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. We describe how light of different energies induces a variety of chemical events that culminate in the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals. Light can thus be used as a handle to direct metal nanocrystal growth and improve tunability and reproducibility.

The relevance of light in the formation of colloidal metal nanoparticles

Colloidal silver and gold have been formed by irradiation of AgClO4 and HAuCl4 solutions with 253.7 nm light in the presence of protective agents such as sodium dodecylsulphate, sodium alginate and colloidal silica. Absorption maxima of colloidal silver and gold have been observed at 390–420 and 540–560 nm, respectively. Colloidal metals have been purified by dialysis and their amounts analysed quantitatively. The quantum yields of metal deposition are 0.053–0.15 for colloidal silver and 0.030–0.039 for colloidal gold. The quantum yield is increased several times by the use of protective agents, with the exception of a AgClO4–sodium alginate solution.

Photochemical formation of colloidal metals

Photochemical Formation of Colloidal Metals.

The novel Rhodamine B dyes having one or two long alkyl chains were synthesized. Monolayers of these dyes have been prepared at the air-water interface by spreading the mixture of dye molecules and matrix molecules. Absorption spectra of the dye films which were transferred from the water surface to the quartz plate by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique have been measured.They were comp ared with the dye layers which were prepared by adsorption of Rhodamine B molecules without having long alkyl chains from the subphase to the matrix monolayers.

Synthesis of Rhodamine B dyes having long alkyl chains available for Langmuir-Blodgett films.

Adsorption and Aggregation Properties of Homogeneous Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether- and Ester-Type Nonionic Surfactants with Multi-Branched Double Chains

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Photochemical formation of colloidal metals

Photochemical Formation of Colloidal Metals.

Synthesis of Rhodamine B dyes having long alkyl chains available for Langmuir-Blodgett films.

Adsorption and Aggregation Properties of Homogeneous Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether- and Ester-Type Nonionic Surfactants with Multi-Branched Double Chains