Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the intuitive demarcations of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of our words "just ain't in the head", and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third position. We will advocate an externalism about mind, but one that is in no way grounded in the debatable role of external reference in fixing the contents of our mental states. Rather, we advocate an *active externalism*, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes.

The Extended Mind

In the first two volumes of this work, Paul Ricoeur examined the relations between time and narrative in historical writing, fiction, and theories of literature. This final volume, a comprehensive reexamination and synthesis of the ideas developed in volumes 1 and 2, stands as Ricoeur's most complete and satisfying presentation of his own philosophy.

Time and Narrative

In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.

/pdf/the-evolution-of-foresight-what-is-mental-time-travel-and-is-4i9wwln8os.pdf

The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?

Despite substantial work in a variety of disciplines, substantive areas, and geographical contexts, social memory studies is a nonparadigmatic, transdisciplinary, centerless enterprise. To remedy this relative disorganization, we (re-)construct out of the diversity of work addressing social memory a useful tradition, range of working definitions, and basis for future work. We trace lineages of the enterprise, review basic definitional disputes, outline a historical approach, and review sociological theories concerning the statics and dynamics of social memory.

Social Memory Studies: From “Collective Memory” to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices

Episodic memory is widely conceived as a fundamentally constructive, rather than reproductive, process that is prone to various kinds of errors and illusions. With a view towards examining the functions served by a constructive episodic memory system, we consider recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies indicating that some types of memory distortions reflect the operation of adaptive processes. An important function of a constructive episodic memory is to allow individuals to simulate or imagine future episodes, happenings and scenarios. Since the future is not an exact repetition of the past, simulation of future episodes requires a system that can draw on the past in a manner that flexibly extracts and recombines elements of previous experiences. Consistent with this constructive episodic simulation hypothesis, we consider cognitive, neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence showing that there is considerable overlap in the psychological and neural processes involved in remembering the past and imagining the future.

https://sites.oxy.edu/clint/physio/article/Thecognitiveneuroscienceofconstructivememoryrememberingthepastandimaginingthefuture.pdf

The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future

The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture

Introduction 1. Models for the memory 2. Descriptions of the neuropsychology of memory 3. Elementary memory design 4. The arts of memory 5. Memory and the ethics of reading 6. Memory and authority 7. Memory and the book Afterword Appendixes List of abbreviations Bibliography.

1 Collective memory and memoria rerum Part I An Architecture for Thinking Part II Memoria Rerum, Remembering Things: 2 'Remember heaven': the aesthetics of Mneme 3 Cognitive images, meditation, and ornament 4 Dream vision, picture, and 'the mystery of the bed chamber' 5 'The place of the tabernacle'

The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric, and the Making of Images, 400-1200

Introduction: Making Sense 1. Artful Play 2. Sensory Complexion and Style 3. Taking the Bitter with the Sweet 4. Taste and Good Taste 5. Varietas 6. Ordinary Beauty

The Experience of Beauty in the Middle Ages

Si pensamos en nuestro maximo poder creative*, invariablemente nos viene a la mente la imaginaei?n. ?Gran imaginaei?n, profunda intuiei?n?, deeimos: es el maximo elogio que concedemos al logro intelectual, incluso en las ciencias. En contraste, la memoria est? desprovista de intelecto, es ?pura memorizaei?n?, no ?pensamiento real? o ?aprendizaje verdadero?. En el mejor de los casos, para nos otros, la memoria es una especie de pelicula fotogr?fica, tomada por un aficio nado y revelada por un inepto y, en consecuencia, malograda por una serie de defectos y valores de luz ?imprecisos?. Emitimos esos juicios (incluso aquellos de nosotros que somos cientificos puros) porque hemos sido formados en un mundo postrom?ntico, postfreudiano, en el que la imaginaei?n se ha identificado con un inconsciente mental de gran, incluso peligroso, valor creativo. En consecuencia, los estudiosos modernos, cuan do analizan la Edad Media, a menudo quedan deeepeionados por el nivel aparen temente bajo y cotidiano que se otorgaba a la imaginaei?n en la psicologia medie val: una especie de caballo de tiro del alma sensible a la que ni siquiera se concedia un estatus intelectual. Los pueblos antiguos y medievales reservaban toda su admi racion a la memoria. Describen a sus mayores genios como seres de memoria superior, se jactan sin verg?enza de su habilidad en esta facultad y la consideran una senal de car?eter moral, amen de intelectual, superior. Debido a este gran cambio en el estatus relativo de la imaginaei?n y la memo ria, muchos estudiosos modernos han llegado a la conclusion de que los medie vales no valoraban la originalidad y la creatividad. Simplemente, no buscamos en el sitio adecuado. Deberiamos examinar el papel de la memoria en sus vidas inte lectuales y culturales, y los valores que les adjudicaban, porque es alii donde cap taremos con mayor firmeza su manera de entender lo que ahora llamamos acti vidad creativa.

The book of memory

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The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture

The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture

The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric, and the Making of Images, 400-1200

The Experience of Beauty in the Middle Ages

The book of memory