In the last few years, graphene oxide (GO) has gained considerable importance in scaffold preparation for tissue engineering due to the presence of functional groups that allow the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the components of the cellular membrane. The interaction between GO and chitosan (CS) can not only improve the biomechanical properties of the scaffold but also generate a synergistic effect, facilitating tissue recovery. In vivo studies on GO are scarce; therefore, biocompatibility tests on CS-GO scaffolds and bone regeneration experiments on critical size defects were carried out on Wistar rats. Scaffolds made of CS, CS-GO 0.5%, and CS-GO 1% were prepared and implanted on Wistar rats cranial bones for three months. Scaffold samples were analyzed through histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. The analysis performed showed reabsorption of the material by phagocytic activity and new bone formation. The CS-GO 0.5% formulation gave the best performance in bone regeneration, with excellent biocompatibility. These results show the potential of this compound for tissue regeneration opening and medical applications.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-biocompatibility-of-cs-graphene-oxide-5fxkemu3vj.pdf

Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of CS-Graphene Oxide Compounds In Vivo

Bone growth is determined by many factors – immobility of bone ends, osteoblastic potency, contact of the bone margins and distance between them. In critically long defects, where the distance between the bone ends is greater than the diameter of the bone, healing processes are compromised because of the limited possibility of bone communication. Applying the gold standard autotransplantation from a rib, iliac bone, or other donor organ is not always possible, and new healing possibilities are investigated. Synthetic osteoinductive biomaterials such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, collagen, composites, and others are successfully used as carriers, but their efficacy is limited without their activation by a biological organic autologous osteoinductor. Recent studies have shown that platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate, or tissue growth factors have an exceptionally high potential for autologous osteoinductors. The purpose of this article is to compare the osteoinductive potential of bone marrow and concentrated bone marrow aspirate in the healing of critically long fractures without autotransplantation.

Use of bone marrow (BM) and concentrated bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) for treatment of critical long fractures.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plays a crucial role in influencing the growth of osteoblast. This study was conducted to compare the performance of alginate/cockle shell powder nanobiocomposite (nCP) bone scaffold developed from naturally occurring CaCO3 with alginate/calcium carbonate (CC) bone scaffold developed using synthetic CaCO3. The study compares the performance of the scaffold in supporting the growth of osteoblast through in vitro evaluations as well as initial biocompatibility observations through in vivo methods. Both scaffolds were developed using the mixture of 40% alginate solution with either 60% of nano cockle shell powder or synthetic CaCO3 to obtain a three dimensional scaffold structure. In vitro evaluation on calcium release and ALP enzyme activity was conducted on both scaffolds seeded with osteoblast on day’s three, five and seven using commercial kits. In vivo observations using histological methods were further conducted by implanting osteoblast seeded scaffold subcutaneously at the dorsum of 8 albino mice for 21 days. Findings from in vitro studies showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the release of calcium and ALP enzyme activity in nCP scaffolds on day seven compared to days three and five of CC scaffold. Histological observations using H&E and von Kossa staining showed infiltration and proliferation of osteoblast on both scaffolds as well as early stage bone tissue formation. Formation of new blood vessels within the scaffolds was also observed in nCP scaffold. Both the developed scaffolds were noted to support osteoblast growth and new tissue formation with better potentials displayed by nCP scaffolds comparatively. This study shows that naturally occurring CaCO3 obtained from cockle shells in the form of nano powder has good potentials to be used as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications. DOI :  http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2017-1502-01

https://ejournal.ukm.my/jskm/article/download/19680/6211

Comparison of Alginate/Cockle Shell Powder Nanobiocomposite and Alginate/Calcium Carbonate Bone Scaffolds on Osteoblast Growth

Reconstruction of large maxillofacial bone defects remains challenging even with diverse current treatment modalities. Silica-calcium phosphate nano composite (SCPC) is a resorbable bioactive bone graft material with a strong stimulatory effect on osteogenic gene expression of osteoblasts and mineralized tissue formation. In a prospective experimental study we investigated the ability of SCPC scaffold seeded with human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) to regenerate bone in a critical-size canine calvarial defect. Porous SCPC discs were prepared by powder metallurgy method. ADSCs were isolated from human breast adipose tissue, expanded in vitro and differentiated along osteogenic lineage. Bilateral critical-sized defects, 2.5 cm in diameter each, were made in the calvaria of 12 adult dogs. One calvarial defect was filled by either SCPC disc alone (Group I) or SCPC disc seeded with 2.5 x106 osteoblast-like cells (Group II) while other defect was left empty (ungrafted). Bone tissue regeneration and graft material resorption was evaluated 3 and 6 months postoperative using CT and histology. Calvarial defects grafted with SCPC alone or SCPC-Cell construct were grossly repaired while control ungrafted defect did not repair. Microscopically the newly formed bone in the grafted defects was compact and integrated with the surrounding host tissues. Near complete resorption of the graft material was observed. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated higher bone surface area and more graft material resorption in defects grafted with SCPC-cell hybrid compared to SCPC alone.

Regeneration of Critical-Size Canine Calvarial Defect by Silica-Calcium Phosphate-Composite (SCPC) and Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells

The reconstruction of severe bone defects represents a challenge for the Periodontist. These defects are common in patients who have suffered severe trauma, periodontal disease or congenital deformities. If these bone defects are not adequately treated they can therefore create a major limitation to implant placement especially in the anterior region with aesthetic commitment. The aim of the present clinical case is to show the interdisciplinary management to treat a post-extraction severe bone defect with guided bone regeneration in order to place a dental implant in an esthetic region. A 28-yearold female case is presented with a severe periodontal lesion and extensive bone loss around root of maxillary left lateral incisor. Dental extraction and guided bone regeneration was indicated in order to place a dental implant later. Once the surgical procedure and healing process were completed, a temporary acrylic crown was indicated to guide the gingival margin healing, until to fi nal porcelain crown was placed. The integral treatment of bone defects and dental implants should be planned under a multidisciplinary view; this point represents an important factor for a successful outcome, in the functional aspect, aesthetic and long term results.

https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/periodontologia/mp-2016/mp161c.pdf

Regeneración ósea guiada para colocación de implante dental. Área estética

/pdf/comparative-study-of-bone-regeneration-in-critical-cranial-hcote7j3rc.pdf

Comparative study of bone regeneration in critical cranial bone defects using bone marrow adult stem cells and calcium phosphate

Original articleComparative study of bone regeneration in critical cranial bone defects using bone marrow adult stem cells and calcium phosphateEstudio comparativo sobre regeneración ósea en defectos óseos craneales con células madre adultas de la médula ósea y fosfato cálcico (BoneSource

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Comparative study of bone regeneration in critical cranial bone defects using bone marrow adult stem cells and calcium phosphate

Original articleComparative study of bone regeneration in critical cranial bone defects using bone marrow adult stem cells and calcium phosphateEstudio comparativo sobre regeneración ósea en defectos óseos craneales con células madre adultas de la médula ósea y fosfato cálcico (BoneSource