In recent years, the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), has become the most destructive insect of cruciferous plants throughout the world, and the annual cost for managing it is estimated to be US $I billion (168) Members of the plant family Cruciferae occur temperate and tropical climates and represent a diverse, widespread, and important plant group that includes cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, collards, rapeseed, mustard, and Chinese cabbage, the most important vegetable crop grown in China (90), the most populous country in the world Although the diamondback moth is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean area (64), the source of some of our most important crucifers (185), diamondback moths now occur wherever cmcifers are grown, and this insect is believed to be the most universally distributed of all Lepidoptera (107) Absence of effective natural enemies, especially parasitoids, is believed to be a major cause of the diamondback moth’s pest status in most parts of the world (92) Lack of parasitoids in a particular area may have occurred because the diamondback moth is better able than its natural-enemy complex to become established in newly planted cmcifers Reports on the ability of diamondback moths to migrate long distances are numerous (19, 40, 54, 58, 108, 120,

http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/publications/pdf/Talekar-Shelton_1993_Ann_Rev_Ent_DBM.pdf

Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Diamondback Moth

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostellaLinnaeus (Yponomeutidae), remains one of the most serious pests of crucifers in many parts of the world, particularly in South East Asia. This paper reviews the wide array of strategies which have been used in attempts to control P. xylostella over the last 40 years and consolidates the fragmented and sometimes hard-to-access literature on two and three level trophic interactions (e.g. host plant—herbivore, herbivore—natural enemy and host plant-herbivore—natural enemy interactions) involving the pest. Special reference is made to studies and examples from South East Asia, and in particular Malaysia, where P. xylostella and its primary parasitoids have been well studied owing to the great economic significance of the pest in this region. It is suggested that a multitrophic approach to research may assist in the development of more sustainable methods for the management of P. xylostella and overcome some of the problems inherent with insecticide-intensive methods.

Multitrophic interactions and management of the diamondback moth: a review

Plant features that enhance predator effectiveness can be considered extrinsic-resistance factors because they result in reduced insect herbivory. In this paper we test the hypothesis that reduced epicuticular wax (EW) in Pisum sativum L. is an extrinsic-resistance factor contributing to field resistance to Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). We monitored pea aphid populations in the field on reduced EW and normal EW near isolines of peas for two seasons and confirmed that aphid populations are lower on reduced EW peas than on normal EW peas. We also monitored predators within the canopies of the two pea lines to discover community level patterns in response to differences in EW. We found that while predator numbers were similar between the two lines, there were more syrphids on the normal EW peas, and a trend towards more coccinellids on reduced EW peas. We tested the impact of predators on pea aphids on the two EW lines by monitoring their population levels in cages that excluded predators, and in cages that allowed predators to enter. We found that pea aphid populations were similar on the two EW lines when predators were excluded. When predators were allowed access to the plants, pea aphid populations were reduced more on reduced EW peas than on normal EW peas. We also examined the intrinsic resistance to aphids in reduced EW peas with laboratory dual-choice tests comparing aphid response to reduced EW and normal EW peas, and found that walking, apterous aphids displayed no preference for one pea line over the other. Bioassays to measure growth and fecundity of the pea aphid on the two EW types in the greenhouse and in the field showed that intrinsic rate of increase, and other life table parameters, were not different for aphids on the two lines. Together these results support the hypothesis that reduced EW in peas is a predator-dependent extrinsic resistance factor. Genetically reducing EW bloom in peas and other waxy crop plants might improve the effectiveness of arthropod natural enemies of insect pests. More generally, the results show that a subtle change in plant morphology can substantially influence the impact of predators on insect herbivore populations. The benefit of extrinsic resistance to herbivory conferred by reduced EW may balance any benefits of a prominent EW bloom, thereby sustaining EW polymorphisms in some natural plant populations.

Effects of a simple plant morphological mutation on the arthropod community and the impacts of predators on a principal insect herbivore

Summary

Interactions between Brassica cultivars (cvs) and adult and larval stages of Plutella xylostella L. were examined. In six-way choice oviposition experiments, glasshouse-grown Chinese cabbage cv. Tip Top was preferred to five outdoor-grown temperate cabbage cultivars but was similar to four out of five tropical cultivars. Bionomic studies with neonate larvae on temperate cabbage cultivars showed that mean larval duration was longer and percentage survival less on older compared with younger plants but that plant age or cultivar had little effect on pupal weight. The fecundity of P. xylostella reared on outdoor-grown cabbage cultivars varied ten-fold between the poorest and the best cultivar but plant age had little effect on P. xylostella reared on Chinese cabbage. In a glasshouse experiment, survival of P. xylostella on Chinese cabbage was significantly greater compared with field-grown glossy-leaved, normal bloom green cabbage and red cabbage. In bioassays with neonate larvae, when the leaves were placed vertically instead of horizontally a significant level of intrinsic resistance was revealed for glasshouse and field-grown glossy-leaved cabbage but not for Chinese cabbage. Observed differences in host status to P. xylostella are discussed in relation to the potential for partial plant resistance in control programmes.

Interactions between the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. and glasshouse and outdoor‐grown cabbage cultivars

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a major pest responsible for destroying cabbage and other Brassica vegetable crops. A diamondback moth-resistant cabbage line was studied by comparing its metabolite profiles with those of a susceptible cabbage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, and amides were the major factors that distinguished the resistant and susceptible genotypes. Gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry profiled 46 metabolites, including 19 amino acids, 15 organic acids, 8 sugars, 3 sugar alcohols, and 1 amine in two genotypes and F1 hybrid cabbages. The levels of glycolic acid, quinic acid, inositol, fumaric acid, glyceric acid, trehalose, shikimic acid, and aspartic acid were found to be very significantly different between the resistant and susceptible genotypes with a P value of <0.0001. These results will provide a foundation for further studies on diamondback moth resistance in cabbage breeding and for the development of other herbivore-resistant crops.

Metabolic differentiation of diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella (L.)) resistance in cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. ssp. capitata).

Inbreds and hybrid cabbage (Brasica oleracea var. capitata) selected for resistance to diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella L.) were tested in the field in New York and Honduras for resistance. In New York, plants were inoculated with up to 400 eggs per plant to enhance the severity of the tests. In Honduras, where natural populations of DBM were high, especially in the dry season, there were three distinct classes of susceptibility to DBM: the very susceptible controls or standard cultivars, the higher resistant glossy-leaved lines, and the intermediate selections with normal leaf bloom (...)

/pdf/selection-for-resistance-to-diamondback-moth-plutella-o908ioht8j.pdf

Selection for Resistance to Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) in Cabbage

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Selection for Resistance to Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) in Cabbage