Coupling sulfur-based denitrification with anammox for effective and stable nitrogen removal: A review.

Nano fluids are widely used today for various energy-related applications such as coolants, refrigerants, and fuel additives. New coolants and design modifications are being explored due to renewed interest in improving the working fluid properties of heat exchangers. Several studies have investigated nanofluids to enhance radiator and heat exchanger performance. A new class of coolants includes single, binary, and tertiary nanoparticle-based hybrid nano-coolants using ethylene glycol/deionized water combinations as base fluids infused with different nanoparticles. This review article focuses on the hydrothermal behavior of heat exchangers (radiators for engine applications) with mono/hybrid nanofluids. The first part of the review focuses on the preparation of hybrid nanofluids, highlighting the working fluid properties such as density, viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. The second part discusses innovative methodologies adopted for accomplishing higher heat transfer rates with relatively low-pressure drop and pump work. The third part discusses the applications of mono and hybrid nanofluids in engine radiators and fuel additives in diesel and biodiesel blends. The last part is devoted to a summary of the research and future directions using mono and hybrid nanofluids for various cooling applications.

/pdf/review-on-mono-and-hybrid-nanofluids-preparation-properties-2jdvplvs.pdf

Review on Mono and Hybrid Nanofluids: Preparation, Properties, Investigation, and Applications in IC Engines and Heat Transfer

Coastal waters are often influenced by seawater intrusion and terrestrial emissions because of its special location. In this study, the dynamics of microbial community with the role of nitrogen cycle in sediment in a coastal eutrophic lake were studied under a warm season. The water salinity gradually increased from 0.9‰ in June to 4.2‰ in July and 10.5‰ in August because of seawater invasion. Bacterial diversity of surface water was positively related with salinity and nutrients of total nitrogen (TN) as well as total phosphorus (TP), but eukaryotic diversity had no relationship with salinity. In surface water, algae belonging to Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta were dominant phyla in June with the relative abundances of >60%, but Proteobacteria became the largest bacterial phylum in August. The variation of these predominant microbes had strong relationship with salinity and TN. In sediment, the bacterial and eukaryotic diversity was greater than that of water, and a significantly different microbial community was observed with dominant bacterial phyla Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi, and dominant eukaryotic phyla Bacillariophyta, Arthropoda, and Chlorophyta. Proteobacteria was the only enhanced phylum in the sediment with the highest relative abundance of 54.62% ± 8.34% due to seawater invasion. Denitrifying genera (29.60%-41.81%) were dominant in surface sediment, then followed by microbes related to nitrogen fixation (24.09%-28.87%), assimilatory nitrogen reduction (13.54%-19.17%), dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNRA, 6.49%-10.51%) and ammonification (3.07%-3.71%). Higher salinity caused by seawater invasion enhanced the accumulation of genes involved in dentrificaiton, DNRA and ammonification, but decreased genes related to nitrogen fixation and assimilatory nitrogen reduction. Significant variation of dominant genes of narG, nirS, nrfA, ureC, nifA and nirB mainly caused by the changes in Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi. The discovery of this study would be helpful to understand the variation of microbial community and nitrogen cycle in coastal lake under seawater intrusion. 

Microbial communities and sediment nitrogen cycle in a coastal eutrophic lake with salinity and nutrients shifted by seawater intrusion.

Effects of cores types on non-solvent displacement nonaqueous precipitation synthesis of core-shell structured materials were investigated via taking case study on effects of carbon sources on C@ZrSiO4 preparation. The influencing mechanism of carbon sources was investigated via XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and the CIELAB colorimeter. The results show that the optimized carbon source for non-solvent displacement nonaqueous precipitation synthesis of C@ZrSiO4 is amorphous and isolated spheroid-like carbon source. Neither layer-structured particle nor sheet-like particle can be effectively encapsulated through non-solvent displacement nonaqueous precipitation method. The shell layer is difficult to be effectively encapsulated on the edges of the around of corresponding particle. In comparison with the higher crystallinity core, the amorphous core is more favorable for encapsulation. The core materials selection principles discovered in this work are expected to be widely referred in the preparation of other core-shell structural materials. 

Effects of cores types on non-solvent displacement nonaqueous precipitation synthesis of core-shell structured materials: A case study on effects of carbon sources on C@ZrSiO4 preparation

Surface modification technologies for enhancing the tribological properties of cemented carbides: A Review

Role of sulfur biogeochemical cycle in mercury methylation in estuarine sediments: A review

A comprehensive review of heat transfer enhancement and flow characteristics in the concentric pipe heat exchanger

Ultra-stretchable chitin-based branched elastomers with enhanced mechanical properties via RAFT polymerization

Hard coatings play an important role in increasing the ability of deformation and wear resistance due to the superior mechanical and tribological properties. Nano-structured coating is now being used for cutting tool and exhibits extremely fascinating and useful properties. In milling process, a typical failure mechanism of coating is the cyclic mechanical impact between the workpiece and cutting tool. This could induce intensive fatigue failure of coated tools. In this work, a novel cyclic impact tester has been designed by using the piezoelectric ceramic actuator to study the fatigue resistance of bilayer micro-structured and multilayer nano-structured TiSiN/TiAlN coating. Besides, the mechanical, tribological and adhesion properties of coatings were evaluated. The multilayer nano-structured coating showed higher hardness yet toughness, better adhesion and tribological properties, as well as more superior properties of fatigue impact resistance. The influence of coatings on the wear behavior and cutting performance of cutting tools was investigated in milling Ti-6Al-4 V. The milling forces applied on the coated tools were measured and analyzed. It found that the friction force and normal force applied on the multilayer nano-structured coated tool were lower than that of bilayer micro-structured coated tool. The correlation between the mechanical properties in cyclic impact tests and cutting performance in milling experiments of coatings was studied. The multilayer nano-structured coated tool was much less susceptible to fatigue fracture and this could be attributed to the better fatigue resistance in the high frequency cyclic impact tests.

Investigation the fatigue impact behavior and wear mechanisms of bilayer micro-structured and multilayer nano-structured coatings on cemented carbide tools in milling titanium alloy

Efficient synthesis of POSS based amphiphilic nanoparticles via thiol-ene "click" reaction to improve foam stability

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