Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Phosphate (Pi) is considered to be one of the least available plant nutrients in the soil. High-affinity Pi transporters are generally accepted as entry points for Pi in the roots. The physiological, genetic, molecular and biochemical analysis of phosphate starvation response mechanisms highlight the ability of plants to adapt and thrive under phosphate limiting conditions. These responses help them enhance the availability of Pi, increase its uptake and improve the use-efficiency of Pi within a plant. Enhanced ability to acquire Pi appears to be regulated at the level of transcription of high-affinity phosphate transporters. These transporters are encoded by a family of small number of genes having characteristic tissue and organ associated expression patterns. Many of them are strongly induced during phosphate deficiency thus providing plants with enhanced ability to acquire and transfer phosphate. In addition, plants also activate biochemical mechanisms that could lead to increased acquisition of phosphate from both inorganic and organic phosphorus sources in the soil. Furthermore, altered root morphology and mycorrhizal symbiosis further enhance the ability of plants to acquire Pi. Interestingly most of these responses appear to be coordinated by changes in cellular phosphate levels. It is becoming apparent that phosphate acquisition and utilization are associated with activation or inactivation of a host of genes in plants. In this article we describe molecular, biochemical and physiological factors associated with phosphate acquisition by plants.

Phosphate Acquisition

Flow cytometry (FCM) using DNA-selective fluorochromes is now the prevailing method for the measurement of nuclear DNA content in plants. Ease of sample preparation and high sample throughput make it generally better suited than other methods such as Feulgen densitometry to estimate genome size, level of generative polyploidy, nuclear replication state and endopolyploidy (polysomaty). Here we present four protocols for sample preparation (suspensions of intact cell nuclei) and describe the analysis of nuclear DNA amounts using FCM. We consider the chemicals and equipment necessary, the measurement process, data analysis, and describe the most frequent problems encountered with plant material such as the interference of secondary metabolites. The purpose and requirement of internal and external standardization are discussed. The importance of using a correct terminology for DNA amounts and genome size is underlined, and its basic principles are explained.

Estimation of nuclear DNA content in plants using flow cytometry.

RASP (Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies): A tool for historical biogeography

The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

Aim Plants in islands have often evolved through adaptive radiation, providing the classical model of evolution of closely related species each with strikingly different morphological and ecological features and with low levels of genetic divergence. We emphasize the importance of an alternative (anagenetic) model of evolution, whereby a single island endemic evolves from a progenitor and slowly builds up genetic variation through time.



Location  Continental and oceanic islands.



Methods  We surveyed 2640 endemic angiosperm species in 13 island systems of the world, both oceanic and continental, for anagenetic and cladogenetic patterns of speciation. Genetic data were evaluated from a progenitor and derivative species pair in Ullung Island, Korea, and Japan.



Results  We show that the anagenetic model of evolution is much more important in oceanic islands than previously believed, accounting for levels of endemic specific diversity from 7% in the Hawaiian Islands to 88% in Ullung Island, Korea, with a mean for all islands of 25%. Examination of an anagenetically derived endemic species in Ullung Island reveals genetic (amplified fragment length polymorphism) variation equal or nearly equal to that of its continental progenitor.



Main conclusions  We hypothesize that, during anagenetic speciation, initial founder populations proliferate, and then accumulate genetic variation slowly through time by mutation and recombination in a relatively uniform environment, with drift and/or selection yielding genetic and morphological divergence sufficient for the recognition of new species. Low-elevation islands with low habitat heterogeneity are highly correlated with high levels of anagenetic evolution, allowing prediction of levels of the two models of evolution from these data alone. Both anagenetic and adaptive radiation models of speciation are needed to explain the observed levels of specific and genetic diversity in oceanic islands.

Anagenetic evolution in island plants

Flow cytometric DNA analysis was used to study changes in nuclear DNA content induced by the addition of complete or telosomic rye chromosomes into the genome of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The DNA content of each addition line was determined by comparison with an internal reference value and was expressed as a difference with respect to the original wheat parental line. A 1.84% difference in the DNA content could be detected. Nuclei were flow sorted and the presence of rye DNA analysis by flow cytometry is now widely used in various aspects of biological research and clinical diagnosis. Whereas in clinical diagnosis detection of aneuploidy is an important prognostic tool in a variety of malignant diseases (14,27), in plants flow cytometry finds large application to determine different ploidy levels. Applications include the screening of seed lots for triploid

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cyto.990210412

Evaluation of sensitivity of flow cytometry in detecting aneuploidy in wheat using disomic and ditelosomic wheat–rye addition lines

Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae based on plastid DNA sequences

The microspore is at the centre of a variety of topics in modern plant science and breeding Isolated microspore cultures have the remarkable quality of resembling the alternation of generations in the life cycle of angiosperms, ie the change between the diploid sporophytec and the haploid gametophytec generation Although the natural destination of microspore development is to differentiate into mature pollen and accomplish fertilization, isolated and in vitro cultured microspores or young pollen grains can either differentiate into mature, fertile pollen (the male gametophytes) by culture in a rich medium without stress, or divide repeatedly and develop into embryos (sporophytes) after a stress treatment As experimental systems, microspore cultures are used to investigate pollen development and pollination, embryogenesis, totipotency, cytodifferentiation, cell cycle, phase change and the role of stress in development As a tool in genetic engineering, they can be used to produce doubled haploids (recombinant inbreds) for plant breeding and gene mapping, to overcome crossing barriers (male sterility and self-incompatibility), to induce and select for mutants and to create transgenic plants In this review genetic, cell biological and molecular aspects of in vitro microspore development are presented and put in the context of current basic and applied plant science

The microspore: A haploid multipurpose cell

Inferences of biogeographical histories within subfamily Hyacinthoideae using S-DIVA and Bayesian binary MCMC analysis implemented in RASP (Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies)

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