https://cancerbiologyprogram.med.wayne.edu/pdfs/hallmarks_cancer_article.pdf

Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.

Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.

Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/%7Elatora/report_06.pdf

Complex networks: Structure and dynamics

A trademark of eusocial insect species is reproductive division of labor, in which workers forego their own reproduction while the queen produces almost all offspring. The presence of the queen is key for maintaining social harmony, but the specific role of the queen in the evolution of eusociality remains unclear. A long-discussed scenario is that a queen either behaviorally or chemically sterilizes her workers. However, the demographic and ecological conditions that enable such manipulation are still debated. We study a simple model of evolutionary dynamics based on haplodiploid genetics. Our model is set in the commonly observed case where workers have lost the ability to lay female (diploid) eggs by mating, but retain the ability to lay male (haploid) eggs. We consider a mutation that acts in a queen, causing her to control the reproductive behavior of her workers. Our mathematical analysis yields precise conditions for the evolutionary emergence and stability of queen-induced worker sterility. These conditions do not depend on the queen's mating frequency. We find that queen control is always established if it increases colony reproductive efficiency, but can evolve even if it decreases colony efficiency. We further derive the conditions under which queen control is evolutionarily stable against invasion by mutant workers who have recovered the ability to lay male eggs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.3324

The evolution of queen control over worker reproduction in the social Hymenoptera.

One of the hallmarks of cancer is the accumulation of driver mutations which increase the net reproductive rate of cancer cells and allow them to spread This process has been studied in mathematical models of well mixed populations, and in computer simulations of three-dimensional spatial models But the computational complexity of these more realistic, spatial models makes it difficult to simulate realistically large and clinically detectable solid tumours Here we describe an exactly solvable mathematical model of a tumour featuring replication, mutation and local migration of cancer cells The model predicts a quasi-exponential growth of large tumours even if different fragments of the tumour grow sub-exponentially due to nutrient and space limitations The model reproduces clinically observed tumour growth times using biologically plausible rates for cell birth, death, and migration rates We also show that the expected number of accumulated driver mutations increases exponentially in time if the average fitness gain per driver is constant, and that it reaches a plateau if the gains decrease over time We discuss the realism of the underlying assumptions and possible extensions of the model

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/10/27/084038.full.pdf

An exactly solvable, spatial model of mutation accumulation in cancer

Digital cows grazing on digital grounds

3" From Strange Simplicity to Complex Familiarity: A Treatise on Matter, 4" Information, Life and Thought. Manfred Eigen. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 5" UK, 2013. 715pp. ISBN: 978-0-19-857021-9 $225/£125/€148 6" Alison L. Hill & Martin A. Nowak 7" Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, 8" Cambridge, MA, USA, 02138 9" 10" As an invited speaker at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, Manfred 11" Eigen once stood by as his host ran through an impressive list of accolades: his 12" work as a young researcher measuring the rates of ultrafast chemical reactions, 13" for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967; his directorship of the 14" Max Planck Institute for Biological Chemistry in Gottingen; his contributions to 15" our understanding of the self-organization of prebiotic systems and the “RNA 16" world”; his formulation of the quasi-species and hypercycle theories (together 17" with Peter Schuster). "Yes," he added when the introduction was done, "but you 18" forgot to mention that I am also extremely modest!" 19" 20" There is no need for modesty in Eigen’s most recent publication “From Strange 21" Simplicity to Complex Familiarity: A Treatise on Matter, Information, Life and 22" Thought”. In this volume as in his life’s work, Eigen addresses the most 23" fundamental yet challenging questions in science. This time, he asks (as some

From Strange Simplicity to Complex Familiarity: A Treatise on Matter, 3뀀Ƞ

Everybody knows that overconfidence can be foolhardy. But a study reveals that having an overly positive self-image might confer an evolutionary advantage if the rewards outweigh the risks. See Letter p.317
 Overconfidence is a major puzzle in evolutionary biology, economics and political science, because despite causing costly errors and policy failures, it remains a widespread bias in human judgement and decision-making. Animals too, in examples seen during conflict behaviour, are liable to overconfidence. Dominic Johnson and James Fowler use game theory to model the situations under which overconfidence is an advantage, and find that they occupy a large part of the parameter space. They also show that overconfidence and conflict tend to increase with greater resource availability. As long as the prize at stake sufficiently exceeds the cost of competing for it, it seems, fortune favours the brave.

/pdf/evolution-selection-for-positive-illusions-2fmitnk47c.pdf

Evolution: Selection for positive illusions

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