The successful and fast development and deployment of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction technologies is a continuing and structural challenge. The deployment of these technologies is slowed down and sometimes even stalled due to societal challenges like public resistance, lack of appropriate policy and regulations, unsolid business cases and uncertainty concerning the impact on the environment. In this paper we elaborate on societal aspects that influence technology development and deployment and introduce the societal embeddedness level (SEL) framework. Building upon the technology readiness level (TRL), the SEL framework enables the assessment of the current level of societal embeddedness of energy technologies in order to identify the societal aspects which need to be taken into account to accelerate deployment of energy technologies. The SEL framework takes into account four societal dimensions (impact on the environment, stakeholder involvement, policy and regulations, and market and financial resources) and four stages of technology development (exploration, development, demonstration and deployment) that are linked to the TRL. The SEL framework has been elaborated for CCS technologies and is being applied to the monitoring of geological CO2 storage by the ACT II project DigiMon (Digital Monitoring of CO2 storage projects). DigiMon is an ACT second call project, funded by the national funding agencies in the period September 2019–August 2022.

/pdf/bridging-social-and-technical-sciences-introduction-of-the-2aop746q.pdf

Bridging Social and Technical Sciences: Introduction of the Societal Embeddedness Level

Trust is crucial to achieving sustainability transformations and net zero. Much research has focused on building trust in policies, technologies and behavioural changes related to sustainability. It has been argued that building trust is strongly linked to processes of communication, deliberation and participation. In this article, we reconsider this relationship through analysing how studies of two decarbonisation technologies - carbon capture and storage (CCS) and wind energy - conceptualise trust and approach the relation between trust and participation. In a systematic review of 97 journal articles, we investigate how trust has been defined and conceptualised and how the relationship between participation processes and trust building has been established. Our findings show that trust has mainly been approached through a narrow theoretical lens, primarily as a key factor for gaining acceptance for specific technology projects. In this dominant instrumental framing participation serves as a means to gain trust or overcome distrust. How trust emerges, transforms or erodes, therefore, remains unclear beyond rationalistic assumptions on the role of actors, information provision or participation processes. Drawing on our literature analysis, we propose a new theoretical framework for trust and its relation to participation. This ‘networks of trust’ approach linked with an ecologies of participation perspective is based on sociological theory and relational perspectives in science and technology studies, enabling a broader understanding of the trust-participation nexus that goes beyond narrow acceptance-based approaches. 

A synthetic review of the trust-participation nexus: Towards a relational concept of trust in energy system transformations to net zero

The DigiMon project aims to develop and demonstrate an affordable, flexible, societally embedded, and smart digital monitoring early warning system for any subsurface CO2 storage field. The societal embeddedness level (SEL) assessment is a novel methodology which provides insight into the societal requirements for technological innovation to be deployed. The SEL assessment framework was applied in four case studies, concerning CCS development in Norway, the Netherlands, Greece, and Germany. The resulting societal embeddedness levels of CCS, on a scale of 1–4, were SEL 3 in Norway with considerable progress towards level 4, followed by the Netherlands with SEL 2 with several initiatives towards offshore demonstration projects, and then by Greece and Germany with SEL 1. The outcomes of the SEL assessments show which societal requirements have been met in current CCS developments and which ones should be improved for CCS deployment. They also show that monitoring currently is a regulatory requirement as part of permitting procedures, while it may alleviate community concerns on safety, provided that it has certain attributes. The insights from the four national case studies are further used in the DigiMon project to develop the innovative societal embedded DigiMon monitoring system.

/pdf/understanding-societal-requirements-of-ccs-projects-19phjox7.pdf

Understanding Societal Requirements of CCS Projects: Application of the Societal Embeddedness Level Assessment Methodology in Four National Case Studies

In recent years, research on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) has significantly increased. Numerous studies have analyzed demonstration projects, outlined scenarios, modeled pathways, or focused on CDR’s national or international governance. However, regional case studies investigating the dynamics that may facilitate or impede the broader adoption of CDR methods in spatially explicit settings are critically absent. Understanding implementation contexts on the ground is vital, and comparing them across different removal methods is essential for effectively scaling up CDR. This paper aims to address this research gap by comparatively examining the development of biomass-based CDR in three regions of Germany. Taking an exploratory approach, we conducted surveys in these regions to gain insight into stakeholder perceptions of the following six CDR methods: forest management, agriculture and soil carbon, long-lasting building materials, rewetting of peatlands and paludiculture, biochar, and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. In this article, we present the results of the stakeholder survey, which offers multiple perspectives that can shape future studies of regional implementation and yield policy-relevant guidance. Although our research primarily focuses on the regional level in Germany, it sheds light on various conflicts, uncertainties, and potentials that are likely to be relevant for the rollout of CDR in other countries. By examining these aspects, we contribute to the broader discourse on CDR and its potential implementation.

Let Us Get Regional: Exploring Prospects for Biomass-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Ground

The authors participate in DigiMon international project (“Digital monitoring of CO2 storage projects”), which aims to develop a next generation human centred monitoring system for CO2 geological storage sites. It includes newly developed subsurface imaging technologies based on seismic fibre optic and gravity surveying. In addition, the SEL methodology was developed, which provides an assessment framework to understand which technical and non-technical aspects still need to be improved in order to implement CCS and its monitoring system successfully. Application of the SEL methodology based on socio-economic research carried out in Norway, Netherlands, Germany and Greece, identified what do stakeholders expect from a monitoring system. In this paper, the authors provide hints on how the outcomes of the international project DigiMon can be integrated within a Decision Support System (DSS) in order to assist the operator to follow up and manage CCS operation. The role of DSS is to assist data access, reservoir modelling, results interpretation and development of alternative solutions. The key stakeholders (decision makers) that must be kept informed are determined by National legislation. Their role is to assess environmental risk and manage emergency crises, if and when they occur. Processed data can be transmitted exclusively to them and can also be presented on regional maps, highlighting possible mitigation scenarios and intervention measures.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1196/1/012036/pdf

What do stakeholders expect from an integrated system for informing social partners and decision makers in digital monitoring of CO2 storage

Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration has become a common practice in technology development projects. Rarely, however, the integration (and translation) of knowledge from different disciplines and different societal contexts is reported in detail. In this article, we address this gap and present the inter- and transdisciplinary technology development in the international research project “DigiMon—Digital Monitoring of CO2 Storage Projects” that aims to develop a human-centered monitoring system. Based on interviews, surveys and stakeholder workshops in Norway, Greece, Germany and The Netherlands, we identify characteristics of CO2 storage monitoring systems that reflect the concerns and expectations of publics and stakeholders. We document the translation of social scientific findings into technical expertise for the design of a monitoring system. We discuss how the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary process has affected the technology development. In outlining how this process was set up, carried out and validated, we are able to show a viable route for the meaningful incorporation of heterogeneous knowledge in complex energy infrastructures. Furthermore, we discuss the features of the project organization that made this comprehensive process possible. Thus, our results contribute to inter- and transdisciplinary research organization in general and to the development of methods for monitoring CO2 storage in particular.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/15/5678/pdf?version=1659956367

On the Organisation of Translation—An Inter- and Transdisciplinary Approach to Developing Design Options for CO2 Storage Monitoring Systems

The Application of a Multidisciplinary Framework for Optimizing the Monitoring System for Geological CO2 Storage

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On the Organisation of Translation—An Inter- and Transdisciplinary Approach to Developing Design Options for CO2 Storage Monitoring Systems

The Application of a Multidisciplinary Framework for Optimizing the Monitoring System for Geological CO2 Storage