https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00014.x

Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders.I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care

Background— Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived plasma protein that accumulates in the injured artery and has potential antiatherogenic properties. This study was designed to determine whether a decreased plasma adiponectin level (hypoadiponectinemia) can be independently associated with the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and Results— The consecutive 225 male patients were enrolled from inpatients who underwent coronary angiography. Voluntary blood donors (n=225) matched for age served as controls. Plasma adiponectin levels in the CAD patients were significantly lower than those in the control subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis including plasma adiponectin level, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking habits, and body mass index revealed that hypoadiponectinemia was significantly and independently correlated with CAD (P<0.0088). The entire study population was categorized in quartiles based on the distribution of plasma adiponectin levels. The interquarti...

Association of Hypoadiponectinemia With Coronary Artery Disease in Men

Background— High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a well-known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Recently, we have demonstrated that adiponectin served as an antiatherogenic plasma protein which was secreted specifically from adipocytes. The present study investigated the association between adiponectin and CRP in the blood stream and adipose tissue. Methods and Results— We studied a total of 101 male patients, 71 of whom had angiographically documented coronary atherosclerosis. As a control group, 30 patients with normal coronary angiogram were included. The plasma hs-CRP levels were negatively correlated with the plasma adiponectin levels (r=−0.29, P<0.01). The plasma adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower and the hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in the CAD patients compared with control subjects. The mRNA levels of CRP and adiponectin were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. We found that the CRP mRNA was expressed in human adipo...

Reciprocal Association of C-Reactive Protein With Adiponectin in Blood Stream and Adipose Tissue

Insulin/Foxo1 pathway regulates expression levels of adiponectin receptors and adiponectin sensitivity

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA), a high-volume chemical with weak estrogenic properties, has been linked to obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). This review evaluates both the consistency and the quality of epidemiological evidence from studies testing the hypothesis that BPA exposure is a risk factor for these health outcomes. Methods: We followed the current methodological guidelines for systematic reviews by using two independent researchers to identify, review and summarize the relevant epidemiological literature on the relation of BPA to obesity, CVD, DM, or related biomarkers. Each paper was summarized with respect to its methods and results with particular attention to study design and exposure assessment, which have been cited as the main areas of weakness in BPA epidemiologic research. As quantitative meta-analysis was not feasible, the study results were categorized qualitatively as positive, inverse, null, or mixed. Results: Nearly all studies on BPA and ob...

Bisphenol A and Indicators of Obesity, Glucose Metabolism/Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Research

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated metabolic factors such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state. It is a common cause of the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as physical inactivity and increased caloric intake are responsible for the predisposition to metabolic syndrome. Available studies on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome are discrepant. Insulin resistance and abdominal obesity are the dominant causes of metabolic syndrome. Increased visceral adipose tissue mass and its proinflammatory activity are thought to underlie all the changes observed in metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine and paracrine organ that produces and secretes inflammatory factors called adipokines, which link obesity, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Recent data suggest that oxidative stress is a primary pathogenic mechanism leading to the development of insulin resistance associated with over-nutrition. In this study the authors analyze the association between abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance and show some pathogenic mechanisms which may be responsible for the proatherogenic action of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Here the association among the disorders mentioned in the definitions of metabolic syndrome is discussed in more detail and it is shown that their clustering is not accidental in patients with insulin resistance. The role of adipose tissue in the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome leading to overt cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes is also described.

[The metabolic syndrome. Part II: its mechanisms of development and its complications].

Ultraviolet radiation is a physical mutagenic and cancerogenic factor. About 95% of ultraviolet A (UVA) (320-400 nm) and 5% of UVB (280-320 nm) reach the Earth's surface. Melanin is a natural skin protective factor against UV radiation. Skin cancers associated with long-term exposure to UV radiation are: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). The high risk of BCC development is related to acute and repeated exposure to UV causing sunburn. Molecular studies of BBC demonstrated disorders in sonic hedgehog (SHH) cell signaling regulation pathway, associated with the suppressor protein patched homolog 1 gene (PTCH1) mutations. The risk of the BCC development is related to the polymorphism of melanokortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R). Tumor P53 gene mutations observed in BCC cells has been classified as secondary genetic changes. In SCC cells UV-induced mutations were mostly related to P53 gene. Increased expression of cyclooxigenase- 2 gene (COX-2) plays a significant role in the development of SCC. Other pathogenetic factors include intensification of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 α (IL-1α), IL-1β and IL-6). Currently, the role of UVB has been recognized in the pathogenesis of CMM. In CMM cells the following gene mutations were noted: cyclindependent kinase inhibitor 2A INK4A (p16INK4A), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Ras, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and proto-oncogene B-Raf (BRAF). The BRAF gene mutations were observed in ~50% of CMM cases. Mutations of P53 gene are not characteristic of CMM cells. Med Pr 2016;67(2):255-266.

http://medpr.imp.lodz.pl/pdf-60716-4503?filename=The effect of solar.pdf

The effect of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on induction of skin cancers

The term metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a clustering of risk factors of metabolic origin that promote the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome includes such pathological factors as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria, high level of triglycerides, low level of HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and proinflammatory and prothrombotic state. Several organizations have recommended clinical criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The most widely accepted were the worked out by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), and the National Cholesterol Education Program--Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III). In 2005, IDF experts proposed a universally accepted diagnostic tool that is easy to use in clinical practice and does not rely on measurements available only in research settings. All groups agreed on the core components of the metabolic syndrome: obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Their criteria are similar in many aspects, but they also reveal fundamental differences in their positioning of the predominant causes of the syndrome. This study provides a brief overview of current definitions of metabolic syndrome, with particular reference to the differences between them, and presents critical remarks on the concept of metabolic syndrome and its usefulness. It also presents epidemiological data which consider metabolic syndrome and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

[The metabolic syndrome. Part I: definitions and diagnostic criteria for its identification. Epidemiology and relationship with cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk].

Zespól metaboliczny. Czesc I: definicje i kryteria rozpoznawania zespolu metabolicznego. Epidemiologia oraz zwiazek z ryzykiem chorób sercowo-naczyniowych i cukrzycy typu 2.

There is strong evidence for the presence of a functional renin–angiotensin system in human adipose tissue The aim of our study was to investigate the association of polymorphic variants of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE I/D) and angiotensin II type I receptor gene (AGTR1 A1166C) with extreme obesity and obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to examine their combined effect on extremely obese patients Overall, no significant associations were detected between ACE and AGTR1 gene polymorphisms and extreme obesity However, extremely obese patients with T2DM showed an increased frequency of ACE II genotype compared with controls (p<005) and with non-diabetic extremely obese patients (p<001) The results suggest that II genotype of ACE was a significant contributor to extreme obesity in AA homozygotes of AGTR1 gene, regardless of the presence of T2DM Moreover, the analysis of genetic polymorphisms demonstrated that ACE II and AGTR1 AC genotypes were most frequently observed in p

Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Angiotensin II Type I Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Extreme Obesity in Polish Individuals

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