Between 1942 and 1952, some of Canada’s leading nutrition experts, in cooperation with various federal departments, conducted an unprecedented series of nutritional studies of Aboriginal communities and residential schools. The most ambitious and perhaps best known of these was the 1947-1948 James Bay Survey of the Attawapiskat and Rupert’s House Cree First Nations. Less well known were two separate long-term studies that went so far as to include controlled experiments conducted, apparently without the subjects’ informed consent or knowledge, on malnourished Aboriginal populations in Northern Manitoba and, later, in six Indian residential schools. This article explores these studies and experiments, in part to provide a narrative record of a largely unexamined episode of exploitation and neglect by the Canadian government. At the same time, it situates these studies within the context of broader federal policies governing the lives of Aboriginal peoples, a shifting Canadian consensus concerning the science of nutrition, and changing attitudes towards the ethics of biomedical experimentation on human beings during a period that encompassed, among other things, the establishment of the Nuremberg Code of experimental research ethics.  Entre 1942 et 1952, certains des principaux specialistes canadiens de la nutrition ont realise, en collaboration avec divers ministeres federaux, une serie sans precedent d’etudes nutritionnelles dans les communautes autochtones et les pensionnats indiens. La plus ambitieuse et peut-etre la plus connue d’entre elles est l’enquete realisee en 1947-1948 aupres des nations cries d’Attawapiskat et de Rupert House de la baie James. Mais ce qu’on savait moins, c’est que deux etudes a long terme distinctes etaient meme allees jusqu’a faire des experiences controlees, apparemment sans leur consentement eclaire ou a leur insu, sur les populations souffrant de malnutrition du Nord du Manitoba et, plus tard, de six pensionnats indiens. L’article examine ces etudes et ces experiences pour, en partie, faire le compte rendu d’un episode largement inexplore d’exploitation et de negligence par le gouvernement canadien. Il situe egalement ces etudes dans le cadre des politiques plus larges du gouvernement federal gouvernant la vie des peuples autochtones, de l’evolution du consensus canadien sur la science de la nutrition ainsi que du changement d’attitude face a l’ethique de l’experimentation biomedicale chez l’etre humain durant une periode qui aura ete temoin, entre autres choses, de l’etablissement du Code de Nuremberg, qui precise les regles d’ethique a respecter pour faire de la recherche experimentale sur l’etre humain.

/pdf/administering-colonial-science-nutrition-research-and-human-35odzd27ou.pdf

Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942-1952

The community cookbook is a familiar item in many kitchens. Usually compiled by women and sold to raise funds for a charitable cause, these collections of recipes may seem to be utilitarian objects that exhibit little if any narrative interest. But this is hardly the case. In Recipes for Reading, scholars from a variety of disciplines examine community cookbooks as complex texts deserving serious study. The contributors contend that such cookbooks have stories to tell about the lives and values of the women who wrote them, stories that are autobiographical in most cases, historical in some, and fictive in others.

https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-pdf/85/3/1098/2076348/85-3-1098.pdf

Recipes for reading : community cookbooks, stories, histories

https://auislandora-stage.wrlc.org/islandora/object/auislandora%3A85594/datastream/PDF/view

Food politics and development

Canadian citizenship is a young official category of belonging, and the relationship of Aboriginal people to that category remains contested ground: scholars debate the legal status of First Nations people within the Canadian state while other academics and First Nations leaders note that these nations never ceded their sovereignty to a foreign colonial state. While such debates have deep historic roots, more recent post-1945 government policies and programs reveal the extent to which Aboriginal peoples continued to be seen as outsiders who need to be assimilated to the ‘mainstream.’ As a historical contribution to these ongoing debates, this paper explores efforts to create a distinct and common Canadian citizenship in the years after the Second World War when, as a follow-up to the passage of the 1947 Canadian Citizenship Act, the federal government strategically chose to combine its management of immigrant admissions, reception, and citizenship with its Indian Affairs policies under the rubri...

Making Aboriginal People 'Immigrants Too': A Comparison of Citizenship Programs for Newcomers and Indigenous Peoples in Postwar Canada, 1940s–1960s

This dissertation considers the differences, as well as the similarities, between midwifery and childbirth practices in Ontario and in Britain in the first half of the twentieth century. Addressing the modernization of medical practices on either side of the Atlantic, the periodization of this project reflects the increasing concerns about maternal and infant morbidity and mortality alongside medical and political attempts to ensure the involvement of trained medical professionals during pregnancy and childbirth. In Britain, the establishment of the 1902 Midwives Act regulated midwifery so that only midwives approved by the Central Midwives’ Board were allowed to practice. British midwives helped to improved maternal and infant health and welfare by making childbirth a co-operative, medically-managed event in conjunction with physicians. The medical training of midwives and physician support meant that British midwives thus participated in, and contributed to, advances in obstetrics through their access to obstetrical medicine and technology. In contrast, physicians in Ontario worked to exclude midwives from participation in the modernization of birth management, emphasizing a physician-exclusive concept of “medicalization”. Under Ontario legislation, only physicians were legally allowed to act as primary attendants during childbirth, and nurses and midwives were prohibited from practicing midwifery. Nurses and midwives in Ontario, unlike their counterparts in Britain, were excluded from developments in obstetrics. This study challenges the medical profession’s claims that the exclusion of midwives in Ontario was necessary for maternal safety or the medicalization of childbirth. The British alternative, where midwives were seen as partners rather than obstacles, illustrates that medicalization in the interest of maternal and infant safety could be integrated, effectively and efficiently, with the work of midwives. By ensuring that midwives were trained medical professionals with access to obstetrical medicine and technology, greater numbers of British women had widespread access to affordable medical attention during childbirth, at an earlier date, than was possible for Ontario mothers having to deal with the physician-centred model. Comparative maternal and infant mortality statistics for the first half of the twentieth century indicate which was the more effective approach in saving mothers and babies. For my father, Dr. James Cross (1937–2006) Acknowledgements It is impossible to complete something as lengthy as the PhD without support from many individuals, and it is my pleasure to offer long overdue thanks to some of the people who have made this project possible. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Cynthia Comacchio. She has provided invaluable feedback since this project’s nascent stages, read numerous drafts, and given the guidance to help me transform partial ideas into viable arguments. On top of her tremendous academic supervision, she has given encouragement in the form of cupcakes and good books. Her unwavering support (for a project that likely appeared at times unending) has made all the difference. My committee members, Dr. Heather MacDougall and Dr. Tracy Penny-Light have offered guidance from the very beginning of my doctoral studies and throughout every stage of research. They have encouraged me to pursue resources and studies I may otherwise have overlooked, and this project is richer for their involvement. I would also like to thank the many librarians and archivists who have provided their assistance. Their knowledge and expertise helped me to navigate the collections and strengthened my research. They also shared my joy at surprising discoveries: an unopened box of chloroform capsules, fabric swatches for nurses’ uniforms, and pre-cut patterns for ‘breast slings’. Chatting with the archivist about the potential efficacy of 75year-old chloroform remains one of the highlights of my research trips. There are many friends and colleagues who have supported me throughout this project. In particular, I would like to thank Alistair Edgar, Anthony Gus Hampton, Michaela Ramsden, and Jeremy Wiebe for your encouragement and chocolate. I am also fortunate to have had the support of my siblings and family. To my sister, Megan Boyko, you have been my sounding board over the years and I owe you so much—and probably a new phone battery. Finally, I would like to thank my parents: Cilla Cross and Dr. James Cross (1937– 2006). My father’s academic pursuits made the rest of us believe it was possible. This dissertation is dedicated to him.

/pdf/modernizing-midwifery-managing-childbirth-in-ontario-and-the-312er0ujan.pdf

Modernizing Midwifery: Managing Childbirth in Ontario and the British Isles, 1900–1950

Spanning two hundred years of history from the nineteenth century to the 1990s, Sisters or Strangers? explores the complex lives of immigrant, ethnic, and racialized women in Canada. The volume deals with a cross-section of peoples - including Japanese, Chinese, Black, Aboriginal, Irish, Finnish, Ukrainian, Jewish, Mennonite, Armenian, and South Asian Hindu women - and diverse groups of women, including white settlers, refugees, domestic servants, consumer activists, nurses, wives, and mothers. The central themes of Sisters or Strangers? include discourses of race in the context of nation-building, encounters with the state and public institutions, symbolic and media representations of women, familial relations, domestic violence and racism, and analyses of history and memory. In different ways, the authors question whether the historical experience of women in Canada represents a 'sisterhood' of challenge and opportunity, or if the racial, class, or marginalized identity of the immigrant and minority women made them in fact 'strangers' in a country where privilege and opportunity fall according to criteria of exclusion. Using a variety of theoretical approaches, this collaborative work reminds us that victimization and agency are never mutually exclusive, and encourages us to reflect critically on the categories of race, gender, and the nation.

Sisters or strangers? : immigrant, ethnic, and racialized women in Canadian history

ent efforts by women's peace organizations, which calls for increased participation of women at all decision-making levels in conflict resolution and peace processes. Transformation is not just about external structures and conditions; it implies internalchanges in consciousness and agency. Some of the most important work for change is subtle, involving education, shifts in framing, consciousness-raising, and sharing of stories such as those in the second part of this book. As many of the contributions in the book make clear, the roles women play in war . . and its aftermath are less important than the way they conceptualize them. Traditional domestic roles can be politicized and interpreted in an expansive way; conversely, without a real change in the underlying ideas, women's changing roles can be accommodated within the existing social order. Reading this book caused me to reconceptualize a project I was involved in Toronto during the 199 1 92 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina called "Woman to Woman." The project involved ex-patriate women from all sides of the conflict, and because of our different political outlooks, we opted for what we saw as a humanitarian project: providing small bags of essential toiletries to women in the war-zone. I now recognize its potential as apolitical act ofcaring for the Other (following Lepa Mladjenovic's chapter in the book). I see this book as being useful for both academics and activists. Through pointing out the obstacles to change, as well as the conditions and contexts that make change possible, it indicates many suggestions for more effective political organizing and activism and further study. WOMEN WITHOUT MEN: MENNONITE REFUGEES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Women Without Men: Mennonite Refugees of the Second World War

Mennonite Women in Canada: A History

Table of Contents Preface Introduction I Cultural Exchanges and Cuisines in the Contact Zone 1. 'Fit for the table of the most fastidious epicure': Culinary Colonialism in the Upper Canadian Contact Zone 2. 'The snipe were good and the wine not bad': Enabling Public Life for Privileged Men 3. The Role of Food in Canadian Expressions of Christianity II Regional Food Identities and Traditions 4. Pine-clad hills and spindrift swirl: The Character, Persistence, and Significance of Rural Newfoundland Foodways 5. Stocking the Root Cellar: Foodscapes in the Peace River Region 6. Rational Meals for the Traditional Family: Nutrition in Quebec School Manuals, 1900-1960 III Foodways and Memories in Ethnic and Racial Communities 7. 'We Didn't Have A Lot of Money, But We Had Food': Ukrainians and Their Depression-Era Food Memories 8. Feeding the Dead: The Ukrainian Food Colossi of the Canadian Prairies 9. Toronto's Multicultured Tongues: Stories of South Asian Cuisines IV Gendering Food in Cookbooks and Family Spaces 10. More than 'just' Recipes: Mennonite Cookbooks in Mid-twentieth Century North America 11. Gefilte Fish and Roast Duck with Orange Slices: A Treasure for my Daughter and the Creation of a Jewish Cultural Orthodoxy in Postwar Montreal 12. 'Tutti a Tavola!' Feeding the Family in Two Generations of Italian Immigrant Households in Montreal V Single Food Commodities, Markets, and Cultural Debates 13. John Bull and Sons: The Empire Marketing Board and the Creation of a British Imperial Food System 14. Spreading Controversy: The Story of Margarine in Quebec VI Protests, Mindful Eating, and the Politics of Food 15. The Politics of Milk: Canadian Housewives Organize in the 1930s 16. 'Less Inefficiency, More Milk': The Politics of Food and the Culture of the English-Canadian University, 1900-1950 17. The Granola High: Eating Differently in the 1960s and 1970s 18. 'Meat Stinks/Eat Beef Dyke!': Coming out as a Vegetarian in the Prairies VII National Identities and Cultural Spectacles 19. Nationalism on the Menu: Three Banquets on the 1939 Royal Tour 20. Food Acts and Cultural Politics: Women and the Gendered Dialectics of Culinary Pluralism at the International Institute of Toronto, 1950s-1960s VIII Marketing and Imposing Nutritional Standards 21. Vim, Vigour and Vitality: 'Power' Foods for Kids in Canadian Popular Magazines, 1914-1954 22. Making and Breaking Canada's Food Rules: Science, the State, and the Government of Nutrition, 1942-1949 23. 'A National Priority': Nutrition Canada's Survey and the Disciplining of Aboriginal Bodies, 1964-75

https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/qua/article/download/21071/17233

Edible Histories, Cultural Politics: Towards a Canadian Food History

The cookbook has recently been analysed as a source for historical understanding beyond instruction for preparing a particular culinary dish. This essay surveys culturally thematic cookbooks in Canada as documents for understanding Canadian immigration history through the foodways of ethnic groups. In reading cookbooks for their social, cultural, and political meaning, we can learn how ethnicity is performed, imitated, or practised as individuals of the past and present eat across borders. Ethnic cookbooks examined in this study enabled newcomers to learn how to “eat Canadian” while they also taught Canadians how to “eat ethnic.” I argue that the cookbook is a significant source by which ethnic groups maintain a public connection with homeland culture, reinforce ethnic identity, integrate into a new culture, and form new hybrid identities. Le livre de recettes a recemment ete analyse comme source pour comprendre l’histoire par-dela les instructions relatives a la preparation de tel ou tel plat culinaire. Dans le present article, l’auteure etudie des livres de recettes refletant des particularites culturelles en usage au Canada comme documents pour comprendre l’histoire de l’immigration au pays par le biais des habitudes alimentaires des groupes ethniques. L’examen de livres de recettes sous l’angle de leur signification sociale, culturelle et politique renseigne sur la facon dont se manifeste l’ethnicite ou dont elle est imitee au moment des repas, de part et d’autre des frontieres, aujourd’hui comme hier. Les livres de recettes des communautes culturelles examines dans cette etude permettent aux nouveaux venus d’apprendre comment manger « a la canadienne », mais ils enseignent aussi aux Canadiens comment manger des mets etrangers. Selon l’auteure, le livre de recettes est une source importante par laquelle les groupes ethniques maintiennent un lien public avec la culture de leur pays d’origine, renforcent leur identite culturelle, s’integrent a une nouvelle culture et faconnent de nouvelles identites hybrides.

/pdf/eating-across-borders-reading-immigrant-cookbooks-i9mmbdikek.pdf

Eating Across Borders: Reading Immigrant Cookbooks

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