Assessing the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from solar PV and wind energy: A critical meta-survey

Environmental and economic multi-objective optimization of a household level hybrid renewable energy system by genetic algorithm

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1326633.pdf

An assessment of the regional potential for solar power generation in EU-28

The environmental impact of photovoltaic panels (PVs) is an extensively studied topic, generally assessed using the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. Due to this large amount of papers, a review seems necessary to have a clear view of the work already done and what is still to be done. The objective of this paper is to present an accurate overview of the LCA already performed on PVs. The analyses are classified by panel type and by impact assessment methodology. When available the information relative to the PV system (efficiency, localization, etc.) is also summarized. The following main observations are noted: • Silicon panels are the mostly studied, thin layers on a lesser extent, while new panel types, such as organic, are not yet considered. • Regarding the study scope, Balance Of System (BOS) components, although influential, are often omitted and their characteristics (efficiency, etc.) are sometimes not provided. This is the same for the End of life. • Most studies focus on energy related indicators such as the Energy Payback Time (EPBT) and indicators relative to climate change such as CO2 emissions. When impact assessment methodologies are used, it is generally Eco-Indicator99 and sometimes CML. But, results are, unfortunately, sometimes expressed only after normalization Finally, this review underlines the necessity to achieve further LCA on photovoltaic panels, as many aspects are still in need of evaluation, such as the electronic properties of the panel or BOS components.

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of photovoltaic panels: A review

Biofuel production from energy crops is land-use intensive. Land-use change (LUC) associated with bioenergy cropping impacts on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance, both directly and indirectly. Land-use conversion can also impact on biodiversity.



The current state of quantifying GHG emissions relating to direct and indirect land-use change (iLUC) from biomass produced for liquid biofuels or bioenergy is reviewed. Several options for reducing iLUC are discussed, and recommendations made for considering LUC in bioenergy and biofuel policies.



Land used for energy cropping is subject to competing demands for conventional agriculture and forest production, as well as for nature protection and conservation. Biomass to be used for bioenergy and biofuels should therefore be produced primarily from excess farm and forest residues or from land not required for food and fiber production. The overall efficiency of biomass production, conversion, and use should be increased where possible in order to further reduce land competition and the related direct and iLUC risks.



This review of several varying approaches to iLUC substantiates that, in principle, GHG emissions can be quantified and reductions implemented by appropriate policies. Such approaches can (and should) be refined and substantiated using better data on direct LUC trends from global monitoring, and be further improved by adding more accurate estimates of future trade patterns where appropriate.



This brief discussion of current policies and options to reduce iLUC has identified a variety of approaches and options so that a quantified iLUC factor could be translated into practical regulations – both mandatory and voluntary – with few restrictions.



Depending on the future development of energy cropping systems and yield improvements, sustainable bioenergy production could make a significant contribution to the future global energy demand. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Direct and indirect land-use competition issues for energy crops and their sustainable production – an overview

Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of maize-biogas and photovoltaics on a land use basis

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Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of maize-biogas and photovoltaics on a land use basis