In wireless networked control systems (WNCS), sensors, controllers, and actuators exchange data to solve control tasks. Operation of WNCS usually occurs under real-time constraints, in particular regarding synchronicity of value sampling, transmission latencies, and packet losses. This calls for deterministic protocols as well as for real-time-capable implementations of these protocols. In this paper, we present the protocol framework BiPS (Black-burst integrated Protocol Stack), which provides real-time protocol and operating system functionalities, and its implementation on the Imote 2 hardware platform hosting the transceiver CC 2420. Furthermore, we present the application and deployment of BiPS in an industrial environment.

BiPS – A Real-Time-Capable Protocol Framework for Wireless Networked Control Systems and Its Application

This study proposes an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) based Industry 4.0 maturity. The model aims to make the vast array of Industry 4.0 technologies comprehensible and actionable for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) by mapping them to specific ERP functions, thus enabling a more agile and tailored approach to digitalization. A comprehensive literature review revealed limited research on this integrated approach and highlighted the need for a model that supports quick assessments and adaptable implementation strategies. A sample application has been conducted in a manufacturing company and it has been seen that the model leverages ERP's modularity to address company-specific needs and includes rapid evaluation features that provides to the dynamic requirements of SMEs, enhancing their competitive edge in the digital landscape. Additionally, the findings serve as a valuable guide for ERP designers/vendors, providing insights into the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies that can enhance ERP system capabilities. 

pdf/an-erp-based-industry-4-0-maturity-model-proposal-31bg30crmf.pdf

An ERP Based Industry 4.0 Maturity Model Proposal

Middleware is a software layer providing abstractions for applications. In this chapter, we explain foundations of middleware, present production middleware (ProMid), a middleware for networked production and control systems that is part of the ProNet 4.0 protocol stack [1], survey and compare related work, and draw conclusions.

Middleware for Networked Production and Control Systems

In this chapter, we present three case studies highlighting different functionalities of ProNet 4.0. The first case study [2] is about the operation of different types of control systems over a wireless TDMA network, using exclusive and mode medium access. In the second case study [3, 4], a control application based on Try-Once-Discard (TOD), a protocol from the control systems domain, is conceived, using deterministic network-wide value-based arbitration and data transfer. In the third case study [5], ProNet 4.0 is part of a setting for remote maintenance in a production plant. This industrial case study ranges from field level to management level and comprises a production facility, a wireless sensor network, an autonomous robot, a multimedia system, and an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. To realize application requirements on field level, communication functionalities on all layers of ProNet 4.0 are exploited.

ProNet 4.0 Case Studies

A major challenge for Industry 4.0 organizations is the mutual alignment of automation and information technology while increasing effectiveness and agility of processes. From a technological view, it requires architectures and systems coupling heterogeneous technologies, from an operations perspective, it requires context-sensitive representations. Ontologies do not only support alignment, but also integration and development processes. For the introduced ontology we utilize the multi-perspective RAMI4.0 framework, as it provides several layers and perspectives, including production and business processes. We suggest using Subject-oriented Business Process Management (S-BPM) models to represent executable processes, as they allow encapsulating industry standard-conform as well as stakeholder behavior. Thereby, the ontology backs perspective specific knowledge, and can be adapted as semantic baseline in a flexible way.

Resilient Ontology Support Facilitating Multi-Perspective Process Integration in Industry 4.0

A major task in the context of Industry 4.0 is the vertical integration of the layers of automation and information technology to make today’s structures in production plants more flexible. While the necessity of such a step is easy to see from an administrative perspective, the technical realization is difficult, since it requires emergent software systems and implies the coupling of heterogeneous systems with different technological constraints. In this paper, we present an approach to realize this step. It is based on the coupling of adaptive components and services, which range from the field level to the management level and include wireless sensor networks, autonomous robots, and multimedia systems for remote maintenance, with an ERP system. By presenting the application in a demonstration production plant bottling liquid soap, we provide evidence of the approach’s economical and technological benefits.

Vertical Integration and Adaptive Services in Networked Production Environments

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Vertical Integration and Adaptive Services in Networked Production Environments