At sea, the electrical power system of a ship can be considered as an islanded microgrid. When connected to shore power at berth, the same power system acts as a grid connected microgrid or an extension of the grid. Therefore, ship microgrids show some resemblance to terrestrial microgrids. Nevertheless, due to the presence of large dynamic loads, such as electric propulsion loads, keeping the voltage and frequency within a permissible range and ensuring the continuity of supply are more challenging in ship microgrids. Moreover, with the growing demand for emission reductions and fuel efficiency improvements, alternative energy sources and energy storage technologies are becoming popular in ship microgrids. In this context, the integration of multiple energy sources and storage systems in ship microgrids requires an efficient power management system (PMS). These challenging environments and trends demand advanced control and power management solutions that are customized for ship microgrids. This paper presents a review on recent developments of control technologies and power management strategies proposed for AC ship microgrids.

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AC Ship Microgrids: Control and power management optimization

Ship microgrids have recently received increased attention, mainly due to the extensive use of power electronically interfaced loads and sources. Characteristics of these microgrids are similar to islanded terrestrial microgrids, except the presence of highly dynamic large loads, such as propulsion loads. The presence of such loads and sources with power-electronic converter interfaces lead to severe power quality issues in ship microgrids. Generally, these issues can be classified as voltage variations, frequency variations and waveform distortions which are commonly referred to as harmonic distortions. Amongst the solutions identified, energy storage is considered to be the most promising technology for mitigating voltage and/or frequency deviations. Passive filtering is the commonly used technology for reducing harmonic distortions, which requires bulky capacitors and inductors. Active filtering is emerging as an alternative, which could be realised even within the same interfacing converter of the energy storage system. The aim of this paper is to investigate recent developments in these areas and provide readers with a critical review on power quality issues, energy storage technologies and strategies that could be used to improve the power quality in ship microgrids. Moreover, a brief introduction to ship power system architectures is also presented in the paper.

/pdf/review-of-ship-microgrids-system-architectures-storage-1kuhnri753.pdf

Review of Ship Microgrids: System Architectures, Storage Technologies and Power Quality Aspects

The search for the optimum architecture for shipboard medium voltage dc integrated power systems must take into account the short-circuit protection in addition to overarching goals of efficiency, survivability, reliability of power, and cost effectiveness. Presently, accepted approaches to protection are “unit-based,” which means the power converter(s) feeding the bus coordinate with no-load electromechanical switches to isolate faulted portions of the bus. However, “breaker-based” approaches, which rely upon solid-state circuit breakers for fault mitigation, can result in higher reliability of power and potentially higher survivability. The inherent speed of operation of solid-state protective devices will also play a role in fault isolation, hence reducing stress level on all system components. A comparison study is performed of protective device topologies that are suitable for shipboard distribution systems rated between 4 and 30 kVdc from the perspectives of size and number of passive components required to manage the commutation energy during sudden fault events and packaging scalability to higher current and voltage systems. The implementation assumes a multichip silicon carbide (SiC) 10-kV, 240-A MOSFET/junction barrier Schottkey (JBS) diode module.

Future Shipboard MVdc System Protection Requirements and Solid-State Protective Device Topological Tradeoffs

The significant benefits of DC microgrids have instigated extensive efforts to be an alternative network as compared to conventional AC power networks. Although their deployment is ever-growing, multiple challenges still occurred for the protection of DC microgrids to efficiently design, control, and operate the system for the islanded mode and grid-tied mode. Therefore, there are extensive research activities underway to tackle these issues. The challenge arises from the sudden exponential increase in DC fault current, which must be extinguished in the absence of the naturally occurring zero crossings, potentially leading to sustained arcs. This paper presents cut-age and state-of-the-art issues concerning the fault management of DC microgrids. It provides an account of research in areas related to fault management of DC microgrids, including fault detection, location, identification, isolation, and reconfiguration. In each area, a comprehensive review has been carried out to identify the fault management of DC microgrids. Finally, future trends and challenges regarding fault management in DC-microgrids are also discussed.

/pdf/fault-management-in-dc-microgrids-a-review-of-challenges-2y9eytqs3d.pdf

Fault Management in DC Microgrids: A Review of Challenges, Countermeasures, and Future Research Trends

In a fault situation on a microgrid with multiple sources, a ring distribution architecture permits healthy parts of the power distribution network to remain operational while isolating a fault. However, fault localization in a multi-ring power distribution system can be considerably more complex than for a radially distributed network. This paper presents a nonintrusive approach for making microgrid protection systems aware of load operating condition in order to improve fault detection, e.g., for detecting destructive high-impedance and arcing faults.

Adaptive Zonal Protection for Ring Microgrids

This paper provides experimental verification of a fault isolation sequence in a DC Zonal Electrical System. Three electrical zones consisting of phase controlled rectifier interfaces to medium voltage AC distribution, two DC distribution buses and downstream converters, inverters feeding loads are energized and bolted faults are applied to various locations. The Fault Isolation and Reconfiguration approach utilizes no load switches for fault isolation aided by de-energization of the affected buses. Three electromechanical no load switches in a single assembly are utilized at the interface between electrical zones. The instantaneous peak fault currents were captured at each switch and sent to adjacent modules over a Ethernet-based Local Area Network in order to locate and isolate the fault to the nearest bus segment. Experimental results show that in most cases full output capacity was restored autonomously. Loss of communications scenarios are tested showing limited power restoration.

Fault isolation and reconfiguration in a three-zone system

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Fault isolation and reconfiguration in a three-zone system