Recent advances in nanoparticle synthesis with reversed micelles.

In this article we review some of the contemporary antimicrobial agents used in textiles, including quaternary ammonium compounds, N-halamines, chitosan, polybiguanides, triclosan, nanoparticles of noble metals and metal oxides, and bioactive plant-based products. According to their mechanism of antimicrobial activity, toxicity, durability and ecological acceptability, these agents can be divided into biocides and biostats, leaching and bound antimicrobials, controlled-release and barrier-forming agents, and agents of poor and good washing resistance. In view of the need for ecologically friendly antimicrobial finishing, much research has focused on the synthesis of antimicrobial agents where the leaching antimicrobials have been replaced with the bound antimicrobials. The latter have mostly been prepared using polymerizable quaternary ammonium salts with acrylate groups, alkyltrialkoxysilanes with incorporated quaternary ammonium groups, reactive cationic dyes, appropriate crosslinking agents, complexes ...

Structures of Novel Antimicrobial Agents for Textiles - A Review

Cationic compounds are promising candidates for development of antimicrobial agents. Positive charges attached to surfaces, particles, polymers, peptides or bilayers have been used as antimicrobial agents by themselves or in sophisticated formulations. The main positively charged moieties in these natural or synthetic structures are quaternary ammonium groups, resulting in quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The advantage of amphiphilic cationic polymers when compared to small amphiphilic molecules is their enhanced microbicidal activity. Besides, many of these polymeric structures also show low toxicity to human cells; a major requirement for biomedical applications. Determination of the specific elements in polymers, which affect their antimicrobial activity, has been previously difficult due to broad molecular weight distributions and random sequences characteristic of radical polymerization. With the advances in polymerization control, selection of well defined polymers and structures are allowing greater insight into their structure-antimicrobial activity relationship. On the other hand, antimicrobial polymers grafted or self-assembled to inert or non inert vehicles can yield hybrid antimicrobial nanostructures or films, which can act as antimicrobials by themselves or deliver bioactive molecules for a variety of applications, such as wound dressing, photodynamic antimicrobial therapy, food packing and preservation and antifouling applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/5/9906/pdf?y=1

Cationic Antimicrobial Polymers and Their Assemblies

The evolution of the microemulsion technique in the last years is revised with special emphasis in the mechanisms of control of particle size, namely the control by the proper microemulsions and the control by the surfactant adsorption (capping). The kinetics of the particle formation; the possibility of the preparation of coatings, core-shell and ‘onion-like’ structures with a very precise size control; the use of microemulsions to produce fine ceramics and finally their use in the preparation of superlattices is addressed.

Synthesis of nanomaterials in microemulsions: formation mechanisms and growth control ☆

Both ionic liquids and water are typical green solvents. In this work, the phase behavior of the ternary system consisting of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF6), TX-100, and water was determined at 25.0 °C. The water-in-bmimPF6, bicontinuous, and bmimPF6-in-water microregions of the microemulsions were identified by cyclic voltammetry method using potassium ferrocyanide K4Fe(CN)6 as the electroactive probe. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the UV−vis method were used to characterize the microemulsions. It was demonstrated that the hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the bmimPF6-in-water microemulsions is nearly independent of the water content but increases with increasing bmimPF6 content due to the swelling of the micelles by the ionic liquid. The UV−vis further confirmed the existence of water domains in the water-in-bmimPF6 microemulsions, and the salt potassium ferricyanide K3Fe(CN)6 could be dissolved in the water domains.

TX-100/water/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate microemulsions.

Applications of polymerizable surfactants

Mixtures of polymerizable surfactants have been employed to select control over interfacial curvature and phase structure, in aqueous micelles, lyotropic mesophases, and water-in-oil microemulsions. These surfactants were 11-(methacryloyloxy)undecyltrimethylammonium bromide (A), dodecyl(11-(methacryloyloxy)undecyl)dimethylammonium bromide (B), and cetyltrimethylammonium 4-vinylbenzoate (C). The single chain A and double chain B have reactive hydrophobic chain tips, whereas the single chain C possesses a polymerizable vinyl benzoate hydrophilic counterion. Aqueous micelles, composed of mixtures of these surfactants, can be polymerized to yield single-phase, stable solutions. Polymerization was confirmed by disappearance of characteristic vinyl signals in the 1H NMR spectra, and line broadening, as would be expected in polymerized micelles. Furthermore, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) indicates that micelle structures were broadly retained after polymerization. SANS has shown that these polymerized st...

Polymerization of Cationic Surfactant Phases

Formation of BaSO4 nanoparticles in microemulsions with polymerized surfactant shells

Polymerizable surfactants (surfmers) 11-(methacryloyloxy)undecyltrimethylammonium bromide (A), dodecyl(11-(methacryloyloxy)undecyl)dimethylammonium bromide (B), 11-(acryloyloxy)undecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C), and dodecyl(11-(acryloyloxy)undecyl)dimethylammonium bromide (D) have been synthesized and characterized. Mixed micelles of A + B and C + D systems were polymerized by a thermal free-radical water-soluble initiator, to yield transparent solutions that remained stable for months. Copolymerization was followed by NMR, which was consistent with essentially 100% conversion. Lamellar mesophases (80% mass) were prepared by concentration of the polymerized micelles from dilute micellar systems. The mesophases were prealigned in a strong magnetic field prior to small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and polarizing light microscopy studies. Detailed analysis of the SAXS data was consistent with stabilization of lamellar structures, comprising similar-sized internal domains, independent of the mixture compo...

Concentrated polymerized cationic surfactant phases

By mixing reactive surfactants A and B at well-defined compositions, it is possible to control the preferred curvature in both the initial nonpolymerized and the final cross-linked systems. Direct ...

Control over Phase Curvature Using Mixtures of Polymerizable Surfactants

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