The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three resuscitation procedures on respiratory and metabolic adaptation to extra-uterine life during the first 24 h after birth in healthy newborn calves. Twenty-four newborn calves were randomly grouped into four categories: six calves did not receive any specific resuscitation procedure and were considered as controls (C); six received pharyngeal and nasal suctioning immediately after birth by use of a hand-powered vaccum pump (SUC); six received five litres of cold water poured over their heads immediately after birth (CW) and six were housed in a calf pen with an infrared radiant heater for 24 h after birth (IR). Calves were examined at birth, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after birth and the following measurements were recorded: physical and clinical examination, arterial blood gas analysis, pulmonary function tests using the oesophageal balloon catheter technique, arterial and venous blood acid-base balance analysis, jugular venous blood sampling for determination of metabolic, haematological and passive immune transfer variables. SUC was accompanied by improved pulmonary function efficiency and by a less pronounced decrease in body temperature. The “head shaking movement” and the subsequent temporary increase in total pulmonary resistance as well as the greater lactic acidosis due to CW were accompanied by more efficient, but statistically non-significant, pulmonary gas exchanges. IR allowed maintenance of higher body temperature without requiring increased catabolism of energetic stores. IR also caused a change in breathing pattern which contributed to better distribution of the ventilation and to slightly improved gas exchange. The results indicate that use of SUC, CW and IR modified respiratory and metabolic adaptation during the first 24 h after birth without side-effects. These resuscitation procedures should be recommended for their specific indication, i.e. cleansing of fetal fluid from upper airways, hypothermal stimulation of breathing and prevention of heat losses.

Effect of three resuscitation procedures on respiratory and metabolic adaptation to extra uterine life in newborn calves.

The aim of the paper was to analyse congenital disorders in the Czech cattle population in 1986-2001. The offspring of 474 sires - 215 Czech Simmental, 236 Holstein, and 23 beef - were diagnosed with congenital disorders which were unevenly distributed because only 18 occurred in the progeny of 10 and more sires, in contrast to 88 occurring in the progeny of 1 sire only. Umbilical hernia was the most frequently noted disorder, and 136 sires fathered progeny with limb anomalies. The most frequent gestational accident was schistosomus reflexus, the results suggesting a familial burden. Three sires fathering offspring with the afflicted spinal column and limbs were heterozygous for Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) though they had not been reported as such. Foetal defects and stillbirth were quite frequent, and the calves affected were fathered by 56 sires. In rare disorders with a low incidence, an accurate genetic analysis or even simple discrimination between inherited and acquired defects is problematic. It would be our recommendation that those sires with a higher incidence of defects among their offspring should be disqualified from fathering stock bulls, or culled.

/pdf/congenital-disorders-in-the-cattle-population-of-the-czech-51gboyc5l9.pdf

Congenital disorders in the cattle population of the Czech Republic

Afin de reduire la mortalite des veaux nouveau-nes dans leurs 28 premiers jours de vie, le veterinaire est amene a mettre en oeuvre des procedures de reanimation et des soins de soutien. Les principales affections qui necessitent la mise en oeuvre de techniques de reanimation sont l'hypoxie, les diarrhees neonatales et la septicemie neonatale avec ou sans choc. En cas d'hypoxie, les procedures de reanimation ont pour but maintenir les fonctions pulmonaires et cardiaques tout en corrigeant l'acidose. En cas de diarrhee neonatale severe, la priorite du traitement est de corriger les troubles acido-basiques et hydro-electrolytiques. En cas de septicemie, le traitement doit etre dirige contre la bacteriemie et le choc septique mais aussi contre l'acidose metabolique et les deficits hydro-electrolytiques et energetiques. De plus, dans tous les cas, des soins de soutien doivent etre mis en oeuvre pour augmenter les chances de guerison du veau malade. Les soins de soutien concernent l'apport de colostrum, les soins medicaux et le maintien du veau dans les meilleures conditions environnementales possibles. Toutes ces procedures, tant de reanimation que de soutien, devraient etre tentees sur tout veau malade et etre continuees jusqu'a ce que son etat vital se stabilise.

Resuscitation procedures and life support of the newborn calf

A retrospective study was performed on 169 beef and dairy calves aged from 1 to 7 days old submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratories at INTA Balcarce, Argentina. Bacterial culture was performed for aerobic and microaerophilic organisms. Samples from spleen and lymph nodes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also cultured for viral isolation on cell culture. Bovine rotavirus was detected by direct-ELISA. Multiple tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. Etiological diagnosis was made in 70 of the 169 calves. Infectious agents were identified in 49 cases, the most common being Escherichia coli. When the histopathological examination was performed in cases with undetermined diagnosis, it was noted that 44 specimens had histological lesions, which suggested the presence of an infectious agent. In order to characterize the causes of bovine neonatal mortality, the protocols and methodology should be improved in further works.

Retrospective study of bovine neonatal mortality: cases reported from INTA Balcarce, Argentina

A congenital myasthenic syndrome in Brahman cattle is caused by a homozygous 20 base pair deletion (470del20) in the gene coding for the epsilon subunit of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. It causes a progressive muscle weakness starting either at birth or within the first month. A PCR-based DNA test, using blood or semen stored on FTA paper, was developed and validated; the test makes it possible to differentiate rapidly and accurately between homozygous wild-type, heterozygous and homozygous affected animals. Preliminary testing of Brahman cattle in South Africa has revealed several carrier animals, some of them influential animals in the breeding population.

/pdf/congenital-myasthenic-syndrome-of-brahman-cattle-in-south-53l2vyc0gs.pdf

Congenital myasthenic syndrome of Brahman cattle in South Africa.

This article summarizes the information presented in this issue to identify the reasons for a perinatal calf mortality (PCM) problem through a risk-factor-evaluation approach. The benefits of necropsies in PCM investigations are discussed, and the gross lesions of the major causes of PCM are described. The use of 2x2 tables to calculate odds ratios and the Chi-square method to test the validity of the odds ratios are presented as methods to determine suspected risk factors. The article concludes with a discussion of the management plan used to solve a PCM problem.

Investigating Perinatal Calf Mortality in Beef Herds

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Investigating Perinatal Calf Mortality in Beef Herds