Ionic liquid electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries to control thermal runaway

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are powerful companions for solar photovoltaics (PV) in terms of increasing their consumption rate and deep-decarbonizing the solar energy. The challenge, however, is determining the effectiveness of different BESSs considering their technical, economic, and ecological features. To this end, this paper presents a bottom-up assessment framework to evaluate the deep-decarbonization effectiveness of lithium-iron phosphate batteries (LFPs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and vanadium redox batteries (VRBs) in PV applications. The optimal size of the BESS has been determined and evaluated from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives. We also propose two new metrics, the levelized carbon emission of the battery and the levelized carbon emission of electricity, to calculate the environmental impact of BESS. Later, we conduct the economic-ecological-efficiency analysis to find the BESS that could bring the most environmental benefits at the lowest cost. The results show that VRBs can compete with LFPs at the current price. Although SIBs are not yet competitive with LFPs due to their shorter lives and higher costs, they have the least environmental impact at 64 g CO2/kWh and the shortest carbon payback period of 1.4 years, indicating their potential in the future. 

Lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, or redox-flow battery: A comprehensive comparison in renewable energy systems


 Development, commercialization, and use of LIBs will reach their peak soon. At present, this is posing the future risk of supply of raw materials for LIBs due to their restricted distribution and lack of effective Li-recycling technology. SBBs are considered the best alternative to LIBs due to their similarity in chemistries and fabrication techniques. However, SBB technology does not have high energy density and is not mature enough yet to meet the energy requirement of wide application sectors. Scientists are optimizing different anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials, and fabrication techniques to boost the electrochemical performance of SBB. Several companies have been founded to commercialize the SBB technology. This review summarizes the development of different SBB chemistries and their commercialization by companies. It also discusses chemistries that seem promising in the future development and commercialization of SBBs.

Sodium Based Batteries: Development, Commercialization Journey and New Emerging Chemistries

Road transport is one of the most energy-consuming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting sectors. Progressive decarbonisation of electricity generation could support the ambitious target of road vehicle climate neutrality in two different ways: direct electrification with onboard electrochemical storage or a change of energy vector with e-fuels. The most promising, state-of-the-art electrochemical storages for road transport have been analysed considering current and future technologies (the most promising ones) whose use is assumed to occur within the next 10–15 years. Different e-fuels (e-hydrogen, e-methanol, e-diesel, e-ammonia, E-DME, and e-methane) and their production pathways have been reviewed and compared in terms of energy density, synthesis efficiency, and technology readiness level. A final energetic comparison between electrochemical storages and e-fuels has been carried out considering different powertrain architectures, highlighting the huge difference in efficiency for these competing solutions. E-fuels require 3–5 times more input energy and cause 3–5 times higher equivalent vehicle CO2 emissions if the electricity is not entirely decarbonised.

/pdf/renewable-electricity-for-decarbonisation-of-road-transport-2veunwr5.pdf

Renewable Electricity for Decarbonisation of Road Transport: Batteries or E-Fuels?

Emerging energy storage systems have received significant attention along with the development of renewable energy, thereby creating a green energy platform for humans. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are commonly used, such as in smartphones, tablets, earphones, and electric vehicles. However, lithium has certain limitations including safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental issues. Sodium is believed to be an ideal replacement for lithium owing to its infinite abundance, safety, low cost, environmental friendliness, and energy storage behavior similar to that of lithium. Inhered in the achievement in the development of LIBs, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have rapidly evolved to be commercialized. Among the cathode, anode, and electrolyte, the cathode remains a significant challenge for achieving a stable, high-rate, and high-capacity device. In this review, recent advances in the development and optimization of cathode materials, including inorganic, organometallic, and organic materials, are discussed for SIBs. In addition, the challenges and strategies for enhancing the stability and performance of SIBs are highlighted.

Recent Advances in Sodium-Ion Batteries: Cathode Materials

Assessment of the first commercial Prussian blue based sodium-ion battery

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Assessment of the first commercial Prussian blue based sodium-ion battery